NASA-UAP-D020, Gemini 5 Technical Debriefing, Part II, 1965

[PAGE 1] 22 Authority NW 91526 GEMINI Technical Debriefing Part I I CLASS I FICAT:ON CHANGE L~A By au hor it of I Chani ed by Date NOV NO TI CE This document may be exempt fr om public discl os ure under the Freedom of Infor mation Ac 552 Requests for its re ease to persons outside the Government should be an dl ed under the provisions of NA SA ol icy Directi ve 1382.2 THIS MA TE -IAL CO NTA I NS INF09'MATION AFl"£ CT IN THE NA TIO DE FENSE OF TH NITED STATES ITHI THE MEANING OF TH£ ESPIONAGE LAWS TITLE 18 S.C SECTION 793 AN THE T9'AN MISS IO OR REVELATION OF WH IC IN M"NNIEl'I TO AN UTHORIZ£D ASON IS PIIOHIB IT BY LAW GROUP DOWNGRADE A YEAR I TF RVALS CECL ASS IFIEO AFT£9 12 YE 973 [PAGE 2] COt~FIDEt~TIAL PRELIMINARY GT FLIGHT CREW DEBRIEFING TRANSCRI PT PART II Prepared By Spacecraft Operations Branch Flight Crew Support Division September 1965 This material contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws itle 18 Section 793 and 794 the transmission or revela tion of which in any manner to an una thorized person is prohibited by law Group Downgrade at year intervals Declassified after 12 years co~~FIDEt'4TIAL [PAGE 3] PREFACE This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape recordings of the GT flight crew debriefing conducted August 30 1965 thru September 1965 at the Crew Quarters Cape Kennedy Florid a Although all the aterial contained in this transcript has been edited the urgent need for the preliminary transcript by mission analysis personnel precluded a thorough ed it orial review prior to its publication Errors in this transcript will be corrected as soon as possible and an official transcript will be published at a later date This document conta i ns a transcript of the second part of the total debriefing A pre iminary transcript of the first part was publ i shed on September 1965 and it contains the crew description of the mission from an operat i onal standpoint [PAGE 4] CAts4flOEt!!IIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Par agrap ag num er SYSTEMS OPERATION Pl a o:rm O.AMS 16 RCS 47 Environmen a Con tro yste 54 omm.1.lllica tio ns 66 Elect ri ca Sy tem 80 Computer 82 Cr ew St a tion 90 OPERATIONAL CHECKS Apollo Landm ark Identific a tion 32 Ca bin Lighting Survey 146 SPADA TS Tr a ckin Ch eck 14 UHF Antenna Pa tt ern est 147 Thrus ter Illumi na io Checks 148 Dual Comm an Tr ans mitte Te 148 Radar Test 148 ID1 Eva llla tion 150 10 VISUAL SIGHTINGS 10 Powered Fl igh 152 10 Orbit al Flight 153 10 Reentcy 172 1.0 EXPERIMENTS 11 Visual Definition of Celest i al jects Ne a rby Object Photogr aphy an Terre ria Feature 210 Cel es ti a Spa ce an Terrestri a Ra diometry 222 Synoptic Te a in and We a ther J?rl.otogra phy 228 11 Vis ual Acuit and As tro na ut Visib i lity S-8/D- 13 and Visi on Test 233 11 Electro tat i Ch ar ge MSC 242 11 Zodiaca Li ght Photogr ap hy 243 In fligh Exer cise 243 11 In i ht Pho nocardio gram 244 11 Ca rdiov as cul ar Re fl ex Conditioning 244 11 10 Cloud Top Spect rom ete 246 11 11 Miscel laneou 248 [PAGE 5] DEt-4 TI AL 12 PR.EMISSION PLANNING 12 Mi ssion Pl an Trajectory 255 12 Flig}lt Pl an 255 12 Spac craf hanges 255 12 Missio ules 256 12 Experiments 56 12.6 Training A ctivities 257 MISSION CONTROL 13 GO/NO GO 261 13 FLA and CLA pdates 261 13 Consumables 261 13.4 Flight Plan Changes 264 13 Sy stems 267 13 Experiments ea Time pdates 268 TRAINING 14 Gemin i Mi ssion Sim ul ator 270 4.2 LT\T DC PS 284 14 MAC Engineering Simul ator 285 14.4 Centrifuge 286 14.5 Tr anslati on an Docking Traine 286 14 Pl SlletaritllD 288 14 Systems riefings 292 14 Flight Experiments 93 14.9 pacecraf Systems Te sts 294 14 10 Egress Training 296 14.11 arachute Tr ain ing 297 14 12 Ia.unch simulation 298 14 13 Network Simu la tion 298 14 14 eentry imulation 298 14 15 Simulated Network Simul ati ons 298 14.16 Ze ro Fli gh.ts 299 14 17 Flight lan Tra ining 300 15 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 15.1 Crew u.art ers 30 15 Physica Tr a ining and Ai rcraf Flying 303 15.3 ea I.a 304 15 a tche and locks 304 15.5 Misce llan eou Discrepencies 306 15 Medica A sp ect 310 [PAGE 6] 8.1 Platform Cooper SYSTEMS OPERATIONS By day we used standard procedure of finding a zero yaw which is a little easier to do down at about retro position The nose is a little bit in the way for determining zero yaw unless you pitch down just a little past nose low in zero zero zero position When pitched down just a tiny bit zero yaw was very readily apparent to within a fairly reasonable degree of accuracy and then ease it right on up We had lines for the zero zero position to give us our pitch and roll on the horizon This was the regular day alinement Night was pretty much the same except we get zero yaw by a star get roll and pitch by the zero lines on the window or knowing where they were approximately line this with the top of the air glow or the horizon At that point you'd go into Cage hold it there at that position until it caged then uncage the platfor to BEF or SEF whichever the case might be and then to to Plat form and Attitude on the FDM and FDI's Then aline the platform fine al ine SEF or BEF by keeping [PAGE 7] the needles zeroed It would slowly gyro torque itself and correct out the small errors for fine alinement Anything to add Pete onrad Well I didn hear all of that but I think the alinement is straightforward One thlng I had not read in either the GT or GT debriefings on this subject on out the window alinement was that we have a window gage that you can us1i at will put you right on in roll and pitch ancl of cou rse for yaw you still have to use the same ut the window reference Cooper One thing that I think that should very definitel training wise be readily available anc we looked and looked and looked and couldn't fir any was an actual scale picture of the left hand wi ndow and the right hand window with what the hcr i zon should look like at zero-zero-zero and at retro attitude and at minus 90 degrees left and 90 deg rees igh and at 60 degrees left and 60 degrees ig ht and this type thing I've never seen an a~tual drawin sh owing the horizon line on a window a·'ld wh at i should look ike [PAGE 8] Conrad Yes Cooper I think this would be a tremendous benefit and shouldn't be difficult to come up with Conrad If you place your eye so that it goes through the lower left corner of the right window or the lower right corner of the left window and run that eye position ri ght through the front RCS yaw thruster the lower yaw thruster in the front ring I guess that's ring A anyway you take a line between your eye the corner of the window and the front RCS yaw thruster right through the middle of it and put that line on the top of the airglow or the horizon Then the spacecraft and this looks like an excessively nose up attitude but it's not you're zero degrees in pitch then the window frame is just about vertical to the horizon and it forms a perpendicular angle Cooper The inside edge of the frame Con rad The inside up and down edge of the window corne makes a perpendicular angle to the horizon and you can use that as a roll gage If you set it up [PAGE 9] th at way th at platform isn i roll or pitch off or degrees Coop er So i al ly looks lik when you fir3t start lini ng it up it ap pea to you that the left se at that you re act al ly rolled eft Conrad es that's rig ht Cooper And om your seat it wo ld lo ok i ke actu al lle right wa Cooper It doesn loo or izont al at al but that due to th fact ha you re sittin off by th i offset Conr ad On other thing tha you might say ab out latform alinement is that if you re not on in ro ll a nd pi tch mainl roll hi real ly will ea you up in alinement time ooper Roll and ya are you can be of a ou he bad errors cr eator ot i and it 11 cor ec:t Pitch ight onrad Not if the other two roll and yaw are of Cooper Bu if yo off in rol and/or yaw th€n it really takes a long time an its rea rcug [PAGE 10] Conrad You don't want to be deceived by the fact that the needles are holding in the center pretty well Cooper That's right one thing that we found when we were going through this real real long platform alinement prior to getting al i ned up for retro fire was that we had the needles all alined ey were sitting all glued out But you have to i there with them for a little i glued out They sit there all zeroed out it looks like everything was all alined and al of a sudden yaw begin to ease off quite a bit showing that we weren alined Conrad At one time we went to Orbit Rate when we had not pulled the yaw all the way in and boy it showed up in oll as we started moving around Cooper Orbit Rate and Horizon Scan Conrad I mean it shwed up in the roll axis Cooper Oh yes Right Conrad You have to take he time and be careful with the platform alinement no doubt about i CSf*fDEt TIAl [PAGE 11] Cooper And i takes ime to do it and do a job on it ally good Mod es Th only thing I can say ab ou that it takes an excessively lon tim Ca ge is to Ca ge Co nrad I ll comm en on this even thou gh we i dn't get a chance to do the rendezvous ut even in simula tion it was appare nt an the i tt it at we did in flight caging the latform gettin ready fo a li ne ments and hin gs ik -;hat it was very time consuming I think th a you could find us for a as slave cycle Coo per Very much so Co nrad Fas Cage cycle is what I should say I ll say it's a luxury item but it sure could be helpful Cooper SEF and BEF worked us like advertisE id SEF for fine al in and small end forward BEF for re ersing your phase angles so that you re stil steering to and fine a li ni ng blunt en cl fo rwar Conrad i an Ed made the comm en that ey never alined BEF that hey a lw ays aline SEF We a li ned EF no rmal ly through th flight and when were ready 60 [PAGE 12] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad to retro we wanted to save as much fuel as possible so we alined BEF and I think alining BEF is easier than in SEF Yes I think you can tell yaw better going backwards than you can going forward Yes I don't know why maybe it was just psychological I agree with you I really think you're right I think you can tell it bett er It streams away from you a little more Yes It was easier to pull in in yaw I thought it was a little more comfortable feeling I enjoyed the riding around alining the platform BEF much more than when we alined it SEF and I felt we were closer to being on most of the time when we pulled it in in yaw course we had a little better control system there it does help Yes FIDE TIAL [PAGE 13] NftDE~~TIAt Cooper I think either way SEF BEF is good both worked very a dequ ate ly and it just depends on wh ich way you want to aline for wh at you re going to do BEF is certain a le ast as accept a ble as SEF ORB IT RATE was not ad off a all We di dn't have an ar ge errors in it due to he a ct that we had mo re ne arl circular i ed our oroit from he burns that we did Conrad were abo ut at 171 60 at tha time riod I on't know what hey ha picked as an orbit ra te numb er at the end fin a lly fo the REP Cooper were about 107 166 Conrad Yes I was rea lly surprised wit how ell the pla tf orm stayed on af ter jus a king a uick look at zero zero zer not ev en trying to al i ne thes st passed freely th ro ugh this in dr ifting flight and uncaged the platfo rm rig ht into bit Rat and it didn't get off five or ten deg rees in any of the three ax is Cooper For about 20 ours FIDE TIAL [PAGE 14] G©t FIDl!~~TIAL Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Yes for about 20 hours that we drifted around It was finally off the most in roll It got about 15 degrees off in roll Orbit Rate worked very well Other than inertial work I just didn't see any big advantage in free You'd still think in terms of the local horizon up there most of the time Yes We just never had much occasion during the light to use FREE Platform displays Ba oper ation through the poles was just fantastic It was so smooth The only way you could tell that you were going through a pole is you could see the roll index vehicle is on the roll gimbal flip Yes This is something we had trouble finding out whether this was the case or not and we deliberately ran several specific checks of this rJ FIDEt~TIAL [PAGE 15] 10 Reg ardless of which way you approachec it from hethe you approached i fast or slm.- or hether you re going through the 90 or 270 ojnt on the ball you can go right smack thro ugh the middle of it you can sit right in the mid dle of it you can move up or down ight or left and the all doesn jump doesn't itter doesn't do anything It's just beautiful Conrad Yes Cooper did a burn ri ght through ea ch one of the poles I think the controls are pretty simila-r to what they are in the imul at or There are wo exceptions one of hich I think i valid and which I think may be influ enced by the fact that we ad a lot of lo degredation in ou OAMS sy stem I thought that the PlJISE system in the spacecraft had a lot less torque a reasona bl amount less to rque and it got a lot leB as we went along it got less and less and leH Con rad Yes Cooper Bu even i ni tially it felt like thP- PlLSE system [PAGE 16] 11 had less authority in the spacecraft than it does in he simulator On the othe and I felt the RATE COMMAND syste had a heck of a lot more authority in the spacecraft than it does in the simulator Cooper That RATE COMMAND just flat snaps you in In the simul a tor when you come aro und in RATE COMMAND and you let ff it will go through to 10 degrees You have to let off on it to 10 degrees early By golly in the spacecraft you didn't have to let off even a degree early When you let go it stopped right there ju like you put on the brakes Co nrad Yeah It was good and it was tight Cooper It was so tight that you almost had to Conrad That was OAMS Rate Command Cooper You almost had the feeling that the OAMS Rate Command was almost bending the Adapt er Section I had such high tor uing rate Co nrad On day and our OAMS syste was work ing completely correct I was extremely impress ed [PAGE 17] 12 FCSD RE Cooper Conrad Cooper Con rad FCSD REP Cooper Con rad with how nice a control system i was We made several maneuvers using this control Eystem and didn have any gripes on tha sys tem at all As ordo said we were really impressed wjth the Rate Command system When you turned around 90 de gr ee in rder to et rid of the REP did you use th al es FDI are on this Gimbal flip bu i ness too yo see They do that in the trai er but they were steady as a rock in the space raft Yes we used the FDI's for he fi ne al ine Al though to get there we used the ball We had trained to us the IVI That right used the IVI not he FDI We used he I VI as the real fine measure of bein i ned up We used the FDI too You can use anyt hi ng in the spacecraf [PAGE 18] 13 Coop er Con rad Cooper Con ra Coo per Con rad You can't use the FDI or the ball as a reference in the mission simulation because you have this gimbal flip hich just gives you fits We didn't use Ra te Command very much ma in ly just fo the burns In fact he burns are the onl times we used Rate ommand I used the Dir ect syste several times and I thought the Direct was reall good It was good a nd crisp and you had good authority with it I had the impression that the spacecraft wa a lot more stable vehicle in Di rect th an it was in the simulator Tm ri ght In he simulator you te nd to sit there and go too much and go too much When Gordo'd stick a shot of Direct in to go someplace it never showed up in a nother axis An eq ual hot i the othe direction would stop it i ght now Yes The effects momentum of the spacecraft didn seem to be as gre at in flight as they were i the f:HDEt TIA [PAGE 19] 14 OMFtDE TIAL simulator You didn have to lead a much Cooper That's right The Direct system was a much mo re precise system in the spacecraft than it i in the mulator Con rad I thought it was quite easy to fly but there's no doubt about it boy that Rate orru and eats up the fuel [PAGE 20] 15 Cooper onrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Direct uses quite a bit of fuel also We did use a little fuel hat one day We were doing so many experiments in a row that we had to very rapidly get the spacecraft back to a zero zero zero or a pitch down 30 pos i tion When you track one of these targets and come through the nadir and keep on going boy you're really smoking towards a rearward direction You're sitt i ng i nverted BEF That's i ght you ve got rates built up going away from you and you have to use Direct to stop those rates get yourself moved all the way back up here and top them again Maybe it'd be so tight that you'd use Di rect to get down and start on it and then witch to Pulse and track in Pul se and then i ght back up and start doing something else Well we di eat up a lot of fuel that day but we got everything done that day We hit darned near all targets Di re ct i a real responsive real fine way to maneuv er 60t~Fl0Et.t:tAt [PAGE 21] 16 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper OAMS Cooper Cooper i Mf Cf 1st I IA la Platform controls were very straight fc rward I thought they all functioned as expected The Platform took the full 25 minutes to go thr ough the fast heat and the first time on it was really cold and took another minutes worth before start of the Cage Cycle After that it seemed to stick right around 25 minutes to get the platform up and on the line and start into Ca ge Right now I've got extreme onfidence in that Platform I really think it does well Ihe platform did an outstanding job during the entire flight I sure did We fired the OAMS on the pad and it was mushy You couldn't hear them fire just gas mainly About the third round of firings however you could really feel them fire off they were all good During flight the OAMS started out very good and in about the third day began to degrade he i fth day [PAGE 22] liUi iAL 17 i when we found the two thrusters that were not operating correctly Con ad Ille number thruster was working real good when we found that the number thruster was out So we shut the sy tem down again and had a big talk with Houston about this We went one more revolution and they gave us some tests to perform on and tha when we di scovered wasn working Conrad lwo of them quit within an or it of one another Cooper We had already run complete tests on it and number had been working on the previous tests and quit on the next one Ille story of the old OAMS inflight system was that gradually as the days went by there was more and more that went wrong with it unt i i nally at the end we had less than half the thrusters left and they were pretty bad Conrad I realized a couple of heater blankets were probably out on the OAMS system but I'm still convinced un i somebody convi nces me otherwise that the thing that shot the OAMS system down was the decision to turn off the OAMS heater I had ques ioned the decision in the air to only point that [PAGE 23] 18 I could I didn think we were in tha much trouble for electrical power I still think it was a i stake be cau se I think even with a couple of blankets out if we'd have kept the 3ystem warm wi th the rest of the heaters we'd have never froze them up Coo per llie thrusters themselves were actua lly vorki ng because you could actua ll get a glow off of them There was a litt le bi of fuel or oxidiier coming out of it and burn in but it wasn't getting the proper amount of mi xture ratio onrad Now th ey could have been dirty That ould be it but it was purely in th valves i the thrusters themselves be cause they were putting out thrust even at the end I you wanted to hold it i fu ll D:Lrect wi th and circuit breaker ngs ged you were getting wet el thrust Coo per Yes ou were gett i ng a littl wet thr~st Conrad let's go into how the hole thing occurred We had shut the he at er down a lon time ago and we rea lly hadn't agreed wi th that but there wasn't mu ch we could do about it We were i the i ddle [PAGE 24] 19 of doing experiments on the fifth day and we had had a little trouble alining the platform What was happening appar en tly was the number thruster was getting cranky but we also knew we were vent ing hydrogen and we knew this because we were getting some torqueing out of that At the i me Gordo was having trouble al i ning the Platform we thought it was because the hydr ogen was venting Finally Gardo said There's something wr ng with the ontrol systems Once we dec i ded there was something wrong wi th the contr ol system that when it went just like back i the simulator We hut everything down went to Direct thought about it for a second and turned off all the circuit breakers turned them al back on one at a time tested all of the thrusters and sure enough when we got to number it was out completely out Conrad So then I tr i ed secondary ACME bias power We tried the seconday yaw and the secondary attitude drivers with no effect so we were relatively as sured that something had happened in either the hand controller or the fuel as not feeding We decided to power down i ght ther which we did and we advised flight of what the problem was &HW Jl i I [PAGE 25] 20 think that's about the time we really decided the canner wa sn a ny good or had we alrea dy to them about that ooper Yes We already ol them about th at onrad Yes you re right I know wh at it was That's wh en we discovered that the voice tape was ut We were right i the iddle of veral experiment and it ccurr ed approximate like 16:30 54 on the i th day We eported to Houston that the voice tape was out th number yaw L~ft thruster was ut and that I had turned the OAMS heater back I was suspici ous of that all the ime That's hen they alled up a nd ga ve us this i nimum power own Why did we go i nto that Th ey had us power down everything Co oper At about the same time that we came up with this they came up with this idea that the hr rogen was bo iling off fast that we were go in be out of hy drogen by about the end of the i fth day at th ra we ere goi ng i we i dn't power dow and stop the usage of i i O~~FIDEMTf ffl [PAGE 26] 21 Conrad Cooper Conrad FCSD REP Conrad Yes That's when we came around on th next revolution Illey had us fire up everything again to take a look at i and that's when we found out number had just gone down the tubes too But number was still giv i ng us something num ber as sti ur ning but it as burning off mi xture You could see a flame You ould see a glow out of it ou couldn hear it like you could hear the other thrusters but you could see lights on the ni ght side so you knew something was coming out Ille drivers ust weren't openi ng all the way or some thing Th fifth day at 16:30 is the first problem you ha with the OAMS is that right No ea rli er Wh en we first powered the system we ere having trouble with that very irst platform alining and we felt we wer hav in some hydrogen venting problems Ihat's when we drifted way off and Gordo said Ille Pulse system isn't go ing to hack thi hydrogen venting He went Di rect and li pped the yaw eft thrusters [PAGE 27] 22 A ll kinds of garbage came by the spacecraft It looked like we blew a whole bunch of junk out of it I remember disti nctly seeing gold balls Cooper Great i balls of iquid Con rad So it must have bee raw fu Something at this time wasn working right but I guess number was put ti ng out full thrust and number was still work i ng but not all the way Now mayb right then and there if we'd have really worked that system over fired a ll th thrusters in Direc and a couple of good healthy loads throug it and put the eate ba ck on the line we might ha ve sal vaged th ew vaged the whole syst em It must have been right at the po in of freezing up Coo per This was ear ly i th fi fth day £:Obi:E IOEt tl lAL [PAGE 28] 23 Conrad We didn't hit the direct thrusters long enough to heat them I don't think I do distinctly remember saying to Gordo We blew all this junk out of there Conrad We never seen anything like that before and we'd been up there days and seen all so rts of things We could see liquid oxygen when we vented it if we vented i under the right light conditions We could see when we vented hydrogen under the right lighting conditions It would all float by the space craft and at low sun angles either at sunup or sundown any one of these quantities ECS CRYO or RSF hydrogen you could see it come whistling by the space craft We were continually floating around in these old si lver balls of either hydrogen or oxygen Cooper Okay well that wa pretty well the background of what happened Some thrusters that had checked out good would subsequently check out bad or be completely inoperat ive as the days went by So finally we wound up with maybe half of the total OAMS thruster still operating properly [PAGE 29] 24 Conrad We had some thrust remaining in every axis but yaw eft We had some in yaw left if you just wanted to dump raw fuel overboard I don know whether it was fuel or oxidizer Cooper General ly what we'd do is roll and pitch to get our yaw left Conrad I we were tumbling and wanted to damp we just waited until we translated into the right axis in hi ch we had some authority Cooper The one axis that always seemed to work pretty good so far as control authority wa pitch Conrad Yes Cooper Pitch up and pit ch down seemed to work reasonably well all the time Conrad Yes I wonder i that had so mething to do with the pitch thruster line on the manifold being lo se to the sou rce Pitch was always good Our trouble was mainly coupling in the yaw thru ster both right and left Cooper Source pre ssu re was easy to monitor SJu rc temper ature we could monitor and it wa too CJld [PAGE 30] Conrad Co per Cooper Conrad Cooper Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad 25 It ran down in the 48 degree area It showed that it was running too cold That's why we questioned turning the OAMS heater off Regul ated pressure was fine Right on the money Propellant quantity seemed to read eas onably good until it got down towards the end At that point from about 10 percent on down the propellant quantity just went on down to the bottom of the scale It wa reading below zero and yet ground readout indicated OAMS prop llant quantity remaining Monitoring of OAMS ropell an emaining onboard information wa fairly go od Yes I thought we we re fa irly close Gr ound i nformation agreed fairly good with onboard information in gene ral The whole OAMS sy stems ot to be reviewed I think that they think we wa sted a lot of fuel and I think that on day we probab were a littl overgenerous ith our fuel usage But I till ret FtE>Et.~TIA I [PAGE 31] 26 Co per Conrad Co oper Con ad CO ID Et◄ IA convinced that because we went so long with the OAMS heater off that we were not burning a nominal fuel to oxidizer ratio Yes Even though we were in a ru sh to get a lot of these things done I was st ill extremelr conscious of fue usage Althou gh I'd used Dir ect to get i started I wouldn't just fire all th way around in Direct input let it coast around a~d then st op it right there Ye I never saw fuel usage in the sim1lator like we saw in flight I just seemed to go down very rapidly on the gauge during that one period of time And yet we went night after night all ig ht long in Horizon Scan or in Pul se and would hardly se any fuel at all As a matter of fact the round gave me the figures Thi was when we were unning all ni ght long in Horizon Scan so that we had a nice reference They said You re using about po unds a night 11 Now that seems like a easonable amount for what we were doing [PAGE 32] 27 Cooper We were using it for Attitude Hold and for getting pictures and to get through the day side Conrad Oh Yes We never used Rate Command except for the maneuver burns Cooper We were tracking the missile using Diredt get on it in a rush so I went to Direct Had to Conrad Cooper I questioned propellant quantity prior to lift off It was 87 percent at lift off I thought we were supposed to be 100 percent on the gage at lift off I thought we had propellant quantity loaded to the maximum Well they said we were about 50 pounds under Conrad Yes they said we had about 50 pounds less fuel than we were supposed to have Cooper We asked them about this before we ifted off Cooper At about or minutes before lift off them about this we asked Conrad We got a We re checking and that's the last we heard from it And off we went [PAGE 33] 28 oo pe So then we as ed agai hen we wer in orbit Abo ut this under load on GA.MS fue I su spect hat something was fouled up because we didn get a full 0AMS lo ad That as pretty bad Cooper I think monito ing onboard of prop ll mt emaining comp et th mission was retty good The fore cast fuel fo mis si on completion of GE mini ought to be revie wed because somebody didn quite come up with the right fue figures Twenty- six percent remaining after the REP would not havE been nearly enough to have one the emainder of the mission Conrad Yes I hi nk at in computing the a.mount of fuel used perform a maneuver they figure out how mu ch to ge the ates going but they must top there They must not i gu how much fue it takes you to get back to say ze zero zero Appirent hey assume that when ever you get done with a tracking maneuver you st drift to get back to zero zero zero Over the we had mayb or minutes be een a 30 degree pitch dow target to the next 30 deg ee pitch down target You ve got to ack it all he ay through bing the spa ecraft all the way back up and then go to and track the next targ et [PAGE 34] 29 Cooper And stop your rate at the back Conrad As a matter of fact that's about twice the fuel us age They may take this into account I doubt it They're very conservative on their estimates Cooper Selector controls and witc hes were all right Attitude controller was fine Maneuver controllers We had every intention of checking the right one and we never did check it because of other problems Inflight malfunction irregularities we've already covered pretty well Cooper Attitude Control Modes Rate Command was excellent Reentry Rate Command we never checked Conrad I don't even think you need it Cooper And I think it could be removed from the spacecraft as far as I concerned I never used or need it on the simulator I never lik ed it Conrad Pilots aren't going to tolerate these highe a te They will damp before these rat es are reached Cooper Direct is a good mode There nothing at all wrong with Direct I thought it wa much crisper much crisper in the spacecraft than in the simulato [PAGE 35] 30 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper shows that it is The Pulse mode was very economical on fuel and I felt that in the sinru.latc,r you had a little more authority than you actually did in the spacecraft The pacecraft had slightly le ss authority in Pulse than the sinru.lator does Inci dentally you can use Pulse just for a month of Sundays and never see the fuel go down on the 0AMS gage at all You can use Pul se all day long with using little fuel usage Horizon can the primary Scanner was inoperative as was stated e3.T lier The Secondary Scanner worked fine The sca mers I think operated quite satisfactorily We had a lot of scanner dropout in the primary and eiren in the secondary We had some dropout in the i econdary when we first were going in and out of i unlight areas But then it seemed to work allright Horizon Scan Control Mode worked fine Real good It's a loos mode but it till works fir It's got wide limit on it of course -which i okay The mode itself works fine There was ome thing really fouled up in the platform rno de It didn't work at all like it's sup posed to The platform mode is supp sed to be plus or minus loth of a degree If it was plus or minus 10 degrees I ll ea my hat [PAGE 36] Conrad Cooper Con rad FCSD Rep Cooper Conrad Conrad Cooper 31 I thought it held to about a degree and a half Not in yaw you remember It allowed yaw to wander off by probably a good 10 degrees there Remember it allowed ri ght yaw to wander off by about 10 degrees and just sit off there in right yaw several times It wouldn't even bring it back Yes That was the trouble Do you think this had anything to do with your con trol problem W-ell it may have been It may have been that con trol was somewhat intermittent right there I don know but it might have been But Rate Command sure worked good using those same controls Yes I suspect that being the first time that it was cranked up since spacecraft number it may not have been tweeked as well as it could have been It certainly didn't work like it did on the simulator I ll put it that way It didnlt work properly and it was no good the way it was We never used it after we originally tried it out and after we tried doing this one burn on it to see if it would hold The one that it did hold on our first perigee adjust it held beautifully During the next one it got so bad it wasn I any [PAGE 37] 32 Cooper Co nrad Co nrad good Ther again it might hav been a unction of the thrusters going out In any event I think that an error hat somebody nee ds to lo ok i to I ot sur that pl atfo mode is oing hat i shoul I know th at heoretically an by he iagrams on it and the limi that it ought to be a ve pr ecise control mo Spacecr af sep ar ation at SECO 20 couldn have been bette ju fi ne Trans la i on per igeE adjust went li ke cl oc kw ork Th a was ou fi st eal burn an I th i r.k we got something li ke sec on he IVI ir.stead of 10 but he burn wasn that cri icaJ I chec ed ac elerometer bias and it seE me li ke the acce er om eter bias inc ease a er in the lig ht I speci ical checked it or the REP end it was okay I just set up ze os in the wirdow and ent to Catch Up and they stayed zero for or minutes or long er So that satisfied me I chec ked it a ter on in the light and I don think we an more than a minute and we click Ed up a oot per secon on the fore aft window That can be checked on the tape In the beginning it was ent ir ely ac eptable fo the REP [PAGE 38] 33 Cooper I think we had some bias just how much I don lmow The timing of the translation as fine updating was fine Operations and checklist were okay Computer usage okay Conrad It was easier to make a burn on the simu la tor that had no up- down or left an righ in it than it was in the sp acecraft Gordo did a real good job of tracking on every burn and I didn't see it wander hardly at all Cooper And all the IVI would be zero Conrad And all the IVI would be zer but we'd have of 10 a fo ot in one axis and in another Con rad Yes The worst cross coupling we had 10 in one axis and when we burned in the platform mode but we were checking that It could have been accelero meter bias again or the spacecraft is more sensi tive to picking up up- down and ft right velocities th an I thought it was Con rad Gordo did a real good job of tracking He tracked as well as he did in the simulator and we never had this show up in another axis in the simulator Cooper It would be zero zero ze ro in the simulator Conrad It was hardly wor th my time checking address 81 and 82 in the simulator because I could just tell he [PAGE 39] 34 wasn't going to have any velocities in there and very seldom did But we never fail ed hav fairly si zeab le ones like fa and fo fps in another axis and I'm not quite sure how it got therE I guess the spacecraft is extremely ensitive If you re going to make pr ecise burns you I ve gotta really burn precisely and i you want to tak out the errors take out the ad dre ss 81 and 82 errors so that you don introduce anything else uri ng the difficult ren dezvous maneuvers you have to plan on more uel usage because you're going to have to take it out with the up- down thrusters Cooper I think what you re going to have to do is stop short of burning off all your forward or aft velocity particularly the forward ve loc ity and then use the canted thrusters to burn off the right Left and up- do,m and that will take out part of the remaLnder of the forward velocity If it hasn ta en it all out then bleep out the rest of the rward I think that the only way you can do it if you want to burn them al zeros I don beli eve you can ack any more precisely if you keep all your IVI ze roed right down the money If you burn it off and stop just at the right time so that everything should turn [PAGE 40] 35 Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper FCSD Rep Co oper FCSD Rep Cooper Conrad Cooper CO tsifH0E1t I IA up zero th en yous i·11 win up wi th or 10 10 I in all your windows I just don know how you re 10 ever going to do any better than that Unless you use the above procedure Translation REP deployment was passable This one you didn You didn fire back at the REP after jettison No Let's replace this maneuver with the simulated opera tion phantom rendezvous We di deploy the REP and the radar did operate properly Origina lly when the debriefing guide was made out this section covered the translation back after REP deployment and the subsequent translations Okay We ll just have to use the translations that they made on the simulated run We kicked the REP out at 90 degrees right yaw We kicked it out at 02 07 15 or 15 seconds ate The reason we were 15 seconds late as we stated earlier was that going into the night side the night before after al our careful platform alinements all of a sudden the horizon scanner began to drop [PAGE 41] out on us and we began to drif off in yaw Conrad Drop ping out wouldn't have bee bad but wh en it dropped out it also commanded some thrusting Cooper got some real good blips out of it Conrad were alining i the Horizon Scan Mode and I got the impression that it pitched us up Cooper wer already alined and we had gon to Orbita Rate and Horizon Scan just to come a lcng there in time to go in As soon as we had the Ilatform all al i ned and before we went in on the night side I decide I would realine the pl atform ji.:st very bri fly So I had gone to SEF and to IUL SE and I was checking and pulsing it But becai se en in SEF position all your to rqu ing is done rom your Horizon cann Wh en he Horizon Scar ner began to drop out we began to get real rr at ic nee dl display an it look ed like our latform alinemEmt was deter iorating I as tr ing to correct thiB but obviously it was rea ll kicking us off That was when we ent CAGE tried despera telr to get it caged and realined in ti and though we had i re alin ed We may hav had it reasonab:.y well aline by the time we inally yawed right I looked like it was The needles wer all zeroe ut and [PAGE 42] FCSD Rep Cooper Conrad Conrad Cooper Conrad everything was settled down The Horizon Scanner was working at that point It quit working properly after we turned to yaw right We had already gone into Orbital Rate so we could care less about the scanner at this point We got it alined and we re already in Orbital Rate We yawed right got squared away and 15 seconds late ejected the REP on the IVI's all zeroed We then used a couple of DIRECT pulses zipped back around picked it up going around to the 270 It was going right straight out to 270 on our ball We could see the REP light whenever we were passing through the 90 degree point On my side I could see it flashing on the nose By the time we got around it was in quite close we could see it going out with a very slow tumble rate flashing What would you estimate the tumble rate to be It was tumbling very slowly I would say maybe a half to degree per second I say a degree per second I couldn't tell what it was in roll It didn't seem to be tumbling in more than axes That was ha.rd to tel When I saw it you could see the dipole come around We couldn tell anything about roll but it was not [PAGE 43] 38 tumbling in the other axes The blanket was sitting ight next to it Cooper The blanket went out and was sitting ri sht by it It went right on out with it That was thi funny part of it The blanket was between the REP and us Conrad Yes Cooper The blanket goes out first The REP ha a lot more mementum apparently the REP had gone b;r the blanket Apparently it had either hit it or moved it over or something because the blanket was betwe,m us and the REP Conrad Yes I don know exactly wha happenecl there Cooper It was just a few feet outside of the REP The REP ent straight on out to 270 radar was working fin ading out everything just right lock1~d on and wen out to the point where it should have s·~arted owing down Con rad This is where I had a mistake in the fl:.ght plan and didn't catch it The computer was in PHELAUNCH and I was wondering why I couldn't get any digital readout I took me a few seconds to catch on to that one an I realized that I had to get the computEir into CATCH UP We had never run into this problem here we'd gone through a complete insertion check li st [PAGE 44] 39 which calls for putting the computer to CATCH UP I had gone through and zeroed 25 26 and 27 talcing the ascent routine numbers out of it So that I knew that we were getting the right readings I had put the computer back in PRELAUNCH also had this discus sion at that time and that when I didn't blow the cold IR doors until the REP was out Cooper I've said it before and I al so said it after my Mercury flight that is If you continually shove things in on people very early in the flight the quality of it is going to be degraded You need the first two or three orbits to check the systems over to get oriented learn how to aline the platform to learn how to use the systems to learn where th ings are to do these things before you start giving people complicated tasks You just aren going to get the quality out of them unless they're flying xactly the same vehicle for th second or thi rd time and they re very experienced in it and they re familiar with everything that onboard and there no change in equipment no change in control system no change in any of these thi ngs Then perhaps they could leap right off and go right into the first orbit and do these things But to put somebody into iottf [PAGE 45] 40 a strange vehicle with strange control systems th a you've only simulated as about best you can and no visual simulation available for doi ng anything out the window you just cannot expect people to stay righ on top of things when it occurs ir the firs part of the flight Thi is an ideal eYample we had worked and worked and worked and worked and worked to have our timing down just rigl If noth ing had hap pened we would have had our timing down just right an everything would have gor..e just per fect Pete would have been ri ght on hi checklist and blown the co ld IR doors right on tirre Cooper I I have been right exactly on time on g·etting the REP out and everything would hav gone reach een Just that one th i ng the Ho ri zon Scanner failure really threw the skids to the thing and cause us to be running ight late There was added con fusion in trying to igure out how to get hi ngs going and salvage th whole thing really threw the skids to it Cooper Th REP ent out and it continued going out instead of slowing down as it shoul It cont i nued to move on out at quite a separation ate The thing th at still has us a little puzzled instead of slowing [PAGE 46] 41 own and coming to a null out there it appeared to art vi ng me hat at the same separation rate to the south of us slightly towards a trail position very slowly We trac ed it or a long ime We were track ing it straight out and then all nf a sudden it be gan to loop around slightly to the le Co nrad It di something like I never seen before Cooper I never seen this happen in the simulator and it stil doesn seem quite eas i ble to us that this cou ld ever happen Conrad One pos ible answe and it elated to something that we saw later in the flight Gordo where we alined the platform and had yaw error couple into roll Might not this have given us bad steering in formation as far as our radar needles were concerned if the scanner wasn working prop rly We didn have the platform alined right We went along 30 minutes almost one- third of an orbit I we di dn have an alined platform that would start coup li ng up in some other axis lik roll and we wou be of in yaw Then when we thought we were pointing at the pole we real weren't Maybe it idn real drift behind us maybe it stayed out on our ing must have put it out fairly well [PAGE 47] 42 Cooper Con ad Cooper Conrad FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Con rad Cooper out of plane in that it hung around us so darned long It stayed with us for 20 orbi ts saw it until th light burn ed out I was never ar away from us During fiv night cyc le it was close enough that the flashin li ght illuminated the spacecraft At the prope times when we wo ld get no dal crossing when we turned around and actu a lly aw the REP it was very clos hought we were going hit i It was brigh enough illuminate the sp ac craft and the flashing light ea lly impr es ed me Di you take pictures Ye I think we hav so me 70- mm Hasse blad pictures an I too 16 mm moving pi tu es Th at was the last of the RE xercise I un erstand all he movie film came ut to So you ll have pictures of it At this poi nt we wer rapidly running out of cryo genic fu el ce ll oxyg en We eci ded io the only way we were going salvage the i ght wa to sto using it at thi rapid a rate We had to make the choice whe the we were going to power down and con i nue the light or whether we were gcing to end the flight very abruptly if i continuEd going do wn we@t.tf 1!9 l!l'it [PAGE 48] 43 at this rate Cooper We had a short discussion on is and decided that we better power down and for get the REP because we were in trouble Cooper So we tearfu ly decided to give up the REP and power down Houston agreed with us when we got in touch with them that we had done the right thing That ended the REP We did see it for quite a few orbits later Then Houston came up wi th the simulated Agena ren dezvous exercise which they put on one of their computers The three burns they gave us to do went off very satisfactorily the thrusters worked very well They would not allow us to use anything but th aft firing thrusters because they wanted to keep the cryogenic oxygen in the right position in the cryo tanks Apparently the burns went to their satis ac tion too They seemed to feel that it put us right where we should be Cooper We tried one of these burns with the latform Mode It did not work satisfactorily so I used Rate Comm and Conrad which worked very well We ried to take the errors out and thats wh ere we got into trouble We had about a fo error left and right and a fo error up and down so Gordo fired off the fo G~~FIDE [PAGE 49] 44 FCSD rep Conrad FCSD rep Conrad left and ight We wound up wi tr to much going forward and we tarte to back up and suddenly we remembered we co ul dn't back up then we decided well we st le a ve th Ei errors on the burn and burn i the best we could beca se no matter what happened He're going to translate i nto forward and what we shou ld have done and we didn't think of i at the time but you learn--we shouldn have burned all the forward we shoul have burned down to about a foot of what we were su pposed to have forward an cl then taken out the left right up and down and go ahead and burn the forward again The upd ates that they sent you on That worked fine here was no pr oblem We copied the numbers down en tered the computer We had plenty of i me to make the maneuver We btuned ight on the cl ock as advertised and we seemed to have gotten approximatel i the posit i on the wanted us to get to What burns did you i mulate Well we did I ve got them ight here @oM~l A Al [PAGE 50] 45 Cooper Con ad Cooper Con ad Cooper Conrad Co rad FCSD ep Conrad co~~r,ocr~r,At We did a se arat io burn and we id a cl osing burn and a coelliptic burn Those the ones we did Pete Well i was We did not a standard coelliptic it was a No we did a mane ver burn which as wait a minute we did an apogee adjust maneuver which was a retrograde of 20.1 feet then we did a phase adj st maneuver which was a forwar burn of 15 feet No eah 15 feet then we did an out of plane burn yawed left 90 of 15 feet and then we did a reverse coelliptic burn We burned let's see we burned 16 fe et forward and we di four burns altogether Aft thruste for all Aft thrusters for a ll -on out of plane and that was the only ime that we did ever ever the trans la io nal eft right up down thrusters We sed them to take out some of the IVI readings there [PAGE 51] Cooper Conrad FCSD rep Coo per Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper a coup le of times And they were very straight forward left right up down We even fired the forwar d-one quick ittle blip We fired the forward one then we suddenly re membered we weren't supposed to What kind of isual out the -window did you see on these translations In other words Left/right lights things up real w?ll I could see the glow from the aft they were- is referring to visual ues the horizon and we were on the gages They were at night middle of the night everything we did was in the middl of the night--this spacecraft only ran in he middle of the night laughter I really don't remember making a burn We never did anything in the day- Yeah I think one or two of them we re on the day side but by and large I never did so much night work in rzy- life EONFIDEt AL [PAGE 52] 47 FCSD rep Conrad Cooper RCS FCSD rep Coope Conrad Cooper FCSD rep Cooper FCSD rep Conrad Cooper Coop er COt~FIDE~~TIAt OK well I don't think there is much we can add then did you get all of these readings out of 81- 82 58 59- 69 Yeah that stuff works just like the simulator We got the readings OK On to RCS Let's go into the RCS yeah I don think there is anything more This is all- Yeah th is is all we can do on the REP OK RCS Operational Checks We did just like we had planned in our little book We a ctiv a ted the RCS and Check Ring A and ACME and direct al three ax is ing Check Ri ng Bin ACME and direct all three axis and they worked beautifully How ab out the pad checks were they Negative No pad checks Not with the sealed system- A sealed system I'm glad it was Control Modes We used ulse and we used horizon scan tQEt Ttl<L [PAGE 53] 48 Conrad We didn even check reentry rate command Cooper We used direct UBed pu lse We uned the rate command We used hor i zon scan Conrad I know what it was why don you tell them about this and I going to see if I can get the fuel i gures- Cooper OK And they all worked very ade uately I thought the rate command system I mean the RCS syste was an excell en system It was really crisp and just really I thought it was a real good sol id system Rate command was much more FCSD rep What about the retro ire how id i hold retrofire Cooper Beautifully it wa just no effort at all hold- FCSD re degree or less Cooper Oh yeah easily We had a li tt le offset in number and number I could feel them offsetting us I just cranked in a little bit of RCS Boy it just gl ed it right in there it just wasn about I felt like we could have had fo ur or five times the offset we had and never have [PAGE 54] 49 GQt EIDE~~TIAt FCSD rep Cooper budged it off there RCS I mean the rate command One thing on rate command before retrofire and just after retrofire waiting for retrojet and then starting the pitch up to go up and roll over inverted and go to zero lift the dual ring rate command is just mo than you can handle It just a lot more than control authority than you want you tend to over shoot on things because there is just so much control to que in there As I had stated after I ired retro and jettis on ed the retropack and pitched up to roll over then from the eon I went to i ngle ring pulse and used that Reentry rate command we didn use Direct used direct do the reentry on single ring direct and used the pulse mode from etrojet to 400K On the single ring direct reentry did you have did you feel like you had a ll the authority you wanted Yeah until very late as I stat ed some time down oh half way thru the reentry i Hl:EttT [PAGE 55] 50 where you really begin to get the igh after your high in fact along about coincidental with a real high when you begin to get some fairly good oe cillations very a pid rate I had no problE'ms damping them at all but I didn have tt.e time to keep switching back and forth rom rate to attitude and go back to rate anc damp them real quick and then go back to tti tude and decide where I was on the guide and then go back to rate and damp them and go back to guidance so I finally they got to getting fairly good where I had to devote a i ttle bit of time to damping them and I i nal ly just went to guidance and stayed on guidance andJust flicked over tc single i ng rate command to damp the oscillat i ons and then used the attitude contro i the rate command to steer the computer steers Which worked out versJ well and there was there never was rea lly any oscillating you never rea lly I could go to rate on there and you could hardly ever see the ra te needles CQNf tO Etsi fil A [PAGE 56] 51 CO t-ct FI DE t'<ITI AL jiggle--single ring was holding i just as tight as could be Retr ofire attitude control I had already mentioned on there dual ring Rate Command reentry attitude control- I had already mentioned how we shot the reentry No primary heater lights Heater lights on the RCS they were on practically--we had the heater on 99 percent of the whole flight We turned it off got heater lights on Ring A first brought the RCS heaters on then rechecked-heater light went off and turned the heater off and about five or ten minutes later-fifteen minutes later the heater light came on and then it was on Ring Band we turned the heater back on and this went on five or six times and finally we just turned the heater on and left it on the whole flight I monitored the tempe r~tures f~equently throughout the whole flight in the RCS Ring A temperature ran about 70 degrees or about 65 degrees and the RCS Ring temperature ran about 70 to 72 degrees the entire flight At FIDE~~T I A [PAGE 57] 52 FCSD rep Cooper one time I noted the RCS Ring was up to 80 degrees I watched i quite closely for a while and then it ne ver went beyond that and came on back own to a bout 70 And they stayed there essentia lly the whole flight I th ink you need thoee heaters on obvio usly the whole a ll tt.e time I'd never have any of them off at all now Thruster firing colIDllents When the RCS thrusters fire at night the clank out what ever you are ook ing at in the night side The on ly way you are going to use any night attit ude reference i to watct hat you are doing get ned up in a reference and then i re a thruster and pl an on ws.i ting a few seconds before you can te wt.ere you are at again They really lig ht the place When you are firing them at night How far does the flame stick cut The plume goes out about- appea to go out about feet and the plume is ust th width of the outside diameter of tha thruster as i comes out it has a little bit of ex pansion ratio as it comes out and it goes Fl Efi~Tfii [PAGE 58] 53 FCSD rep Coop er b4~1DEt TIAw ight up just about that size it grows very slightly but not a heck of a lot and it's just about something i the order of inches diameter Something like that it has little expansion ratio i expands as it comes out the nozzle sl ig htly and the it just goes sort of like a column and it fans out very lightly but it goes up something in the ord er of to feet distance fr om the thruster Did you ever get any pictures of that No we didn't We had all our cameras stowed at the time we got that cranked up We intended to Systems Shutdown It worked just like advertised and we turned the prop valves off very shortly then it rtms out of uel and stops firing and you notice that there is a little burning around al the nozzl es There we got a little residual fuel--not much just a littl bit it dribbles and fumes after i mpact- -probably very neglible I don;t really think we got them after im pa ct I think we got them while still a irborne But they were almost [PAGE 59] 54 ECS i FtOEP IIAl neglible- you had to rea lly looking for them to tell they were ere There was just a very li ght usty odor in there fume Not sure- I'm not sure that rt of this odor isn part of he ablati:1g going on because fiberglass ablates with pretty high fume rates Some prett pungent fumes off ab}ating fibe:rgJas The mob ili ty of the sui is nJ better or no worse than any ther suit It ui def initely cuts you down and iecreases mobility In anything you do i just limit you i what you can do limi ts the movements you can make and I talk i ng about unpressurized mobility at thi3 point even We didn't do an pressurize Nork in the cockpit but unpressurize suit defi nite cuts you down a gr=at deal in your mobil ity and where you cm reach and takes up a great deal of oom Pressure Are they ta lking about press rized ui work here Well since you didn't do any pressurized how about the und and- €'01QF1 FCSD ep [PAGE 60] 55 a@8t ftef~tJtl Cooper Yeah when you are sealed up in it it gives you about a half a psi in pressure in there which doesn't decrease your mobility a great deal over what the regul ar suit does Temperature in the suit I certainly can't complain there I had to sort of eat crow on that That suit circuit ran consistently We had to really shut it completely down to get above 55 degrees em erature on the suit heat exchanger outlet and generally it ran around 50 degrees which just froze my rear of and I had my suit flow the general configuration we had was both of us ad the suit flow rates quite a bit back I had mine clear back to almost a minimum position and we had the suit coolant loop shut down to where it was just about a half to one notch open from the fully OFF pos ition I real ly got quite concerned that they were going to freeze us to death In fact one whole night side I had my suit inl et exhaust hoses off and laying down alongsid th seat because as ius too cold in the suit Humidiv fF 9Et-~,l'AL [PAGE 61] 56 The suit seemed to run pretty iry I wasn conscious of any great amount of perspiration in i at all A couple of tim when we had fairly heavy work loads I as aware of the feeling of cool a ir and folt like it was drying sweat CO We got or indications of CO on the PCO gage One thing whene ver a station nends you a calibrate well you get a big jump on that gage but there were other timeB whe we weren even near a stat i on when that gage came up and began to give an indication and one time it gave such a poBitive indication for quite a period of time that we got a little concerned about i because it was right when all this other stuff was going on day and we I shut c.own control systems had failed and we were destined for deys of drifting and the PCOr started up So we pulled out one of the ta;es one of the CO tapes that we ha onboa rd lt showed it was below nun of mercury below that anyway It was this usually erroneous €:age The suit com fort is no darn good It is worse than any mNffl>Et llA [PAGE 62] 57 other suit but there just isn't any way of having comfort in a pressure suit Darn thing gives you pressure points and bulges and gouges and cuts down scrapes you here and there prevents you from being able to tretch and scratch and have any comfort There isn't a;ny comfort in a suit I don gi ve a darn who says so There just isn't a;ny real comfort in a pressure suit In th configuration that we flew in from the time we got 6-4 GO our helmets and glov came off were stowed in the footwell and they were never put on again until just before retrofire We ran the whole flight in just the basic pressure suit torso with the neck dam on and the wrist dams on and with the light weight headset and I guess the comfort was as good as you could possibly have but it still wasn't a;ny good and we cuffed the pressure suits plenty of times [PAGE 63] 58 Cooper Humidity The suit seemed to run pre ty d:ry I wasn't conscious of any great amount of perspiration in it a all A couple of times we had fairly heavy work loads I was aware of any i ttle cool a:ir and felt like it was kind of drying sweat CO We got two or three indicati ons of CO on the PC0 gage One thing when ever a statio gives you a I cali brate well you get a big jump on hat gage but there are other times when we weren't even near a statiun when that gage came up and began to give an indication and one time it gave such a positive indication for quite a period of ttme hat we got a little concerned about it because it was right when all this other stuff was going on day and we had shut down control systems had failed and we were destined for three days of rifting and the PC0 started up So we pulled out one of the tapes one of the CO tapes we had on board and gave a check of the suit circuit there and i showed that it was below millimeters of a two milli meters of mercury was what it was belo that anyway We probably assumed it was tr.is us ually @t4FIDE IA- [PAGE 64] 59 CQt~FH)Et~TIA erroneous gage The suit comfort is no darn good It no worse than any other su it but there just isn't any way of having comfort in a pressure suit The darn thing gives you pressure points and bulges and gouges and cuff dam scrapes you here and there and prevents you from being able to stretch and scratch and have any comfort There isn't any comfort in the suit I don't give a darn who says so there just isn't any real comfort in a pressure suit In the configuration that we flew in,from time we got our 6-4 Go our helmets and gloves came off were stowed in the foot well and they were never put on again until just before retrofire We ran the whole flight in just a basic pr essure suit torso with the neck dam on and with wrists dams on and with a light-weight head set I gues the comfort was as good as you could possibly haV@ but it still wasn any good and we cussed the pressure suit plenty of times The controls were good on it No problem there The Demand Regulator as far as we could tell worked fine We had no real occassion to real stress it much or anything The suit umbilical was Both my inlet and my exhaust always in the way f.A [PAGE 65] 60 made my whole chest and rib area so rom the mainfo the end i sid the sui being gouged over being cantilevered over an digging in sid ways on me So it a real pressur point It was the worst ress ure point I had were from the suit ho ses and I had my suit hoses delibe rate longer than people said they should be so I uld get away rom thi effe ct I di av sla to prevent hem from getting drug over but even so they bothered me Finger tip lights re good an I kept one glove out and ke it over on a piece velcro o,.l he sid to se in the event we ad any kind of cabi light failures When P(~te was asleep I freq ue ntl used my finger tip lightB on th at glove to light up some of the gages to look around with Ca bin pressure sealed ff high on our gage This i under ection Ca bin Ou CE bin pressure a launch sealed of high a ab out which it always did i the a titude chamber in a ll he runs we made in ac in ju st exactly the same way Then i bled down slowly abo ut and never bu dged fro there the whole flight It stayed right there We never sa one flick out of it a [PAGE 66] FCSD Rep Cooper all Cabin temperature ran 70 to 75 degrees and humidity ran about 62 to 67 per cent the who flight We have the figures somewhere here We can get in here and get those ou but we have the figures where we mn daily checkr:i i i once a day and generally wo or three times a day the wet and dry bul readings Okay We have tha ba ck in the original check Okay CO The cabin I thought was just really good It was very seld om that you really got any smell in the abin a all We thought the cabin would have a dark green cloud evolve out of it wh en they finally opened it but I think the cabin to the time we landed was still a pretty fresh cabin It seemed to scrub the odors defication odor would linger on for two or three or four hours perhaps but it even scrubbed those out You couldn smell them at all CO we had no --an kind of co Comf rt day or night The cab i ran too cold at night particularly when we were drifting and had some fairly high drift rates the cabin got quite cold and in fact even froze up the windows The cabin fan we never used at all until we turned it on just before re trofire [PAGE 67] 62 about 45 minutes before retrofire we turned the abin fan on and let it run for about 30 minutes and i decreased the cabin emperatu ce about 20 degrees Got it down abou 50 degre and then turned it off prior to starting retrofire Cabin pressure relief valve never actuall;r did we the cabin pressure ual regula tor the release side of the cabin pressure regulator was the only one that ever We never heard the cabin relief valve actuate after launch During launch we were going up we heard it moan a coupl of times The cabin vent va ve Th cabin vent valve we actuated it on the way dow once since we couldn't ain ta in positive pressu:~e we actuated the vent and the snorkel Cabin rep:~essurizat i on We never checked it because we didn need to Cabin air inlet valve We actually neve ran any check on it Cabin air recirc we had open the whole time Fully open Pr i mary System monitoring system monitoring was ea Primary was very good The only problem we had with it it kept yawing us around when it was venting Whenever it would get up to vent pre 3sure and vent why it would give us a bit of a yaw left [PAGE 68] FCSD Rep Coop er ya Build up to any rate you wanted to Over a period of time one time we got up to ab out 12 degrees per second You just sit the re and drift it will build you up more and more and more You can really hear it pop off back the re You can hear i shhh You see this tr em endous big fie of stars go by If i in the early or la night you just the whole sky is just com ple ely covered with this just millions of stars part icles liquid gases I guess uant ity measur ing system worked perfectly satisfactory Flow rates were good Pressur was press re was fine It got up I don think you ever need to use unless you are do ing something li ke EVA I don't think you ever should co nsider ever using a heater on that oxygen system because i all by itsel fairly rapidly gets on up there to boil off pressures Boil ff temperat ures I hould say How a bout BJC.Jp UTE Di you ver se that Used Hi gh Rate when th ey were purging the cabin It wo rked in reset fine We used i the for landing Manual heate we never used The controls we did very little as ar as doing anything wi th [PAGE 69] FCSD Rep Cooper the Secondary Mine was ope:1 Pete was closed the whole flight That's the way they stayed just like for the check list Never saw one quiver in either one of them the 1hole mission Pressure stayed right Pressure stayed right where it was on launch CO partial pressure The gauge was some·,1hat erratic and gave us two or three readings that we had CO partial pressure one of which we inally checked and found we did not have and so then we disbelieved the gauge After that although it generally read down at zero Coolant Coolant loops worked real fine were -running two cool an loops ON most of the time sin Je we had fuel cells running For twenty hour pe iods we had fuel cell section of the fuel ells shut off and the coolant loops shut off In one period of time we ad ci rcuit breaker pulled on coolant loop number coolant loop Seco ndary cool ant oop then we were running on pum and with bYJ>ass ON BYJ>as ing it around so we were heat in before bringing the section back nn the line afte long shut down per i od we bYJ)assed the cool ant loop the secondary cool an loop in rder to warm FID[pqf 6tL [PAGE 70] COt~ft0E~~TIA up the fuel cell section and then wen to normal configuration right on the line Evapo rat or per ation for 45 minutes the Oh his i not the suit Yes this ie the ate evapo ra to 45 minute after launch we got yaw deviat i ons fr om the evaporator and afte that the st opp ed $ornewhere just slightly beyond 45 minut es th ey were gone By the time we got around one or bi anyw a I didn't notice any at a ll Water ana emen Well we ran th water an ag em nt in he normal mode all the time In our configu ra i on he normal mode is the drink mode We an NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL and OFF the whole time The only i we went to OFF was when we ent to over bo ar and the FLU SH position on th ur i ne ea te sy st em and they all worked fine No problem at all an the water was excel ent water It as fu of air It had a lot of air i i a lot of air bubbles but they didn em to ffe ct us ad ersely decided to go ahead and just igno re i and drink it and i seemed to rk out i ne Th wa er was really nice and cold the hol ime so i as ed good No objectionable a te to i at all I th oug ht the water was excel len um idi ty sens or GON£ Hil Et~T J.i l:s [PAGE 71] 66 8,5 Communications Cooper Yes we took it It worked fine It dries ut very rapidly you have to refill it with water frequently but that is no problem The drink gun fills it very readily I seems to be pretty a ccurate Stowage of course is always a problem and we obt ained readings at least once a day on it Communications Interphone operation and qual ity were excellent UHF performance cJuntdown was excellen orbit was excellent md rec very was excellent except that nobody was re eiving our transmitter in the recovery area Ho wever they were receiving it back her in Houst)n Twice AIR BOSS finally shut up talking long enough said ome other station calling me say and then immediately he'd launch off in another long spiel and I don know whether he was jus drowning us out or whether they just never got us At any rate nobody was getting us ex ce pt Housto a couple of times But the UHF perfonnance in gen eral throughout the whole fligh was excellent And even AIR BOSS received when we w,~re on our way down in the para chu te He got two steers to us on the way down Voice tape re co::.- der wo rked QOhU,IDEN+t1 [PAGE 72] FCSD Rep Cooper fine for two cartidges worth and then quit Was i two or four I don't lmow it was some ow numb er Maybe it was four Anyway it quit fairly early in th flight The tape recorder was fin ished DCS k8iY until the last 30 mi nu tes of the fligh the DCS cou ldn't ha ve been better The updates were good the ground coordination was ine on i The things th ey gave us to put in the MDIU were given in a go od manner and were put in No problem Pete got them all loaded in fine No problem at all until that last up-date we got from arnarv on which they updated us with our comp er a~d reentry con figuration after we we all ready supposed to have our last update from Houston and with ou telling everyb ody to look on his bo ard and see what mode our computer was in he sends thi update whi ch is just ab out blew our cork there And which I think at this point right ow having experienced thi one occasion of this happening at the wo rs os sible time it could happen in my recommendation right ow to flight cre ws is tha th ey fly the DCS ircuit breaker in the OFF position I concur FCSD Rep tDe Al [PAGE 73] 68 Cooper That's a drastic move to make but just th at one experience was just en ough to con vin ce me that if you can 100 pe ent trust everybody and the system isn going to work then you just don dare trust it at all I wo ldn even think of not flying again wit that DCS ci rc ui reaker ON Conrad At least for reentry Cooper At lease in crew Conrad You couldn't ave hurt us any better th an by sending hat load up Cooper Real- time ransmi tt er,de lay ed- tim trmsmitt er fine St and- by ransmi tt er Conrad were out of fuel on Ring A And we had 4.9 and left in Ring Which is good It says tha Ring A ran out sometime after Ring ame on which says we went ar ound the world 1/2 ttm es and re- entered on Ring A by itself Th at's tt impressive 33 pounds of fuel It al so shows ou how much fuel we used in Ring test ed Ring and tu rned it off and didn turn i on u1til sometime less than 70,000 eet and tu rned it back of again at 30,000 feet so we used the majorit;r of the fu el on RATE COMMAN in Ring from 65 to 30 which says it pr bably fired continuously all thi way down 08-~~FIDE~~T.I [PAGE 74] 69 Cooper FCSD Rep Con ad damping those rates But it sure was steady We used almost 80 percent of the yes 80 percent of the fuel in Ring from 65 to 30 65 down On this voice tape recorde Didn't you say it broke after you got tapes Yes wha happened was that the thing worked ust ike adver ti sed Two minutes befo re the tape ran out you get the little flicker on the tape rec rder i ght which is now up on the caution and warning panel and at the end of the two minutes the TAPE OUT light comes on steady and that ope ra es just as advertised and then one day I put a new tap in it and Gordo and I held a big debriefing on it About wha a ll our storage was and present configuration that we were in in the spacecraft and what we thought the six I mean that th seve troops ould want to know about how we were using our storage and we thought the best place to do it was in flight righ there while we were using it and we rea lly put down some good dope and we also had some thoughts on Apollo on the darn thing and I figured we talked at least an hour on the thin and I couldn't understand why it hadn run ut and [PAGE 75] 70 FCSD Rep Con rad Cooper Conrad Conrad I looked down in there and I marked he ape you know with my pencil and put it back in the tape recorder and turned it on and sure enough it wasn running The motor burned ou in the tape recorder No when I turned the tape recorder switch ON and OFF I could see a slight rise in the ammeter but I think what was happening was that we were getting the amplification part of it but that the motor to the tape recorder was not running tt wasn't driving the tape That seemec to be th a ilure While we're here why don't you flip back a couple of pages while you were out and see jf there is anyth i ng that you want to add Okay Yes Gordo covere the h~a ter operation on the ECS Okay they came on pretty early in the flight and we kept checking to see that it was truly working and it was System check covered the fumes and we got fumes at 27 000 and we were very light because we did have the Under EX:;S I covered how you loved your pressur suit for mobility and comfo rt Yes ok ay I on say anymore on that Finger tip lights Liste now there a very in fJOet>J flltt [PAGE 76] co~~FID EtiTI-A 71 teresting thing The finger tip light were the only darn lights we had in the spacecraft that we could move around which is ridiculous We kept holding a glove up once in a while looking at lights all night because we Cooper They sure were Conra We had the gloves stowed a.nd I broke my auxiliary light because it was too ha.rd to hold there When I pulled it out the very first time I pulled it out I shattered it a.nd Gordo never used the one on his side because it's just not handy What you really need in there is we've got to quality one of those little pen lights Cooper One of those little pen flash lights Conrad A g.zy- really needs one of those little pen flash lights up there a.nd I really wish that we had ta.ken the ones along but we couldn't get them qualified They had an open switch in them a.nd we couldn't get them qualified for 100 per cent oxygen Coo er You really need a little light that doesn have a.n electric cord fastened to it that you ca.n just tick in your suit or on a pieoe of velcro where you can just get to it and use it you know [PAGE 77] 72 onrad Coo per Co nrad Coo per I There is plenty of time at night when you are flying No the worst thing a all a a guy sleeping If you turn on your instrument panel lights it only lights your instrument and th thing is you are int rested in most is that ce nter panel with the ca bin press and the secondary and a ll these thi ngs in it So the big thing is that ou ne ed an auxiliary light in here lik a pen light es you did Th umbi lic a ls I ad about the right fi on the umb ili cals an a ll that rt of jazz The abin press was great The thing locked up a little hi gh on lift off like it was suppo se to but then a 4.9 never moved cov ered the co bit Did you over the comfort ay night and how th igh rotation rat es that effect us We m~ver used the cabin fan ex ept jus prior to l:Lft off ere it is cal ed for in sequence SJ1d when we put the abin cooler to the full co ld po tion and brought on the ca bin an and fl ew it through -re entry that was it Prim ary did vent quit a bit You covered th at es i fid DE~~Tl &Li [PAGE 78] 73 Conrad I'm sure that's all for now It never both er ed us of odo The normal typ venting system worked fine Coop er I covered that on the CO partial press Con rad Did you cover the coolant splashing all over the nose of the spacecraft just after adapter ep That must have been coolant it's the only thing I an think of that wouldn't be frozen up th ere But it was liquid and it actually splashed on the nose after adapter sep and retrofire It ca.m around behind the spacecraft and I saw it splash and the marks are still on the nose of the spacecraft where it hit Water management I thought was great ex ept it ad air in it It did have air in it but pressures were good the a ter was cold it tasted good but we did have air in the water and it wasn't the amount that had at the factory but there was air in the wa ter You could see it when you filled our darn rehydra table food bags Cooper Yes Conr ad But it was good water Coop er I covered the humidity sensor we us ed it com munications I don't think you say anything but [PAGE 79] 74 ex cel len on that Conrad Th ey were great Ev en the UHF worked wnll I me an HF Cooper Voice tape re corder Then we were on I just cove red th a It didn't ork Conrad Did you cov er th the exa ct etai on this DCS Ho we didn get th light he onl tim we didn't get th ligh Cooper No I didn't cov er the details on that ixc ept just that we had gott en DCS unforecast ov er arnarv on a ft er when we a lr ea dy ad our load in from Houston and then it ame on unexpectedly not en checking to see wha mode we were in here we re in re entry mode and sent us thi DCS updatin€ ur TR and updating our load DCS load th ere and just as he said he was sen ding why rapidly then we switch ed out of reentry to prelaunch but never got any DCS i ght on either the TR or th lo ad Conr ad Yes he ent two parate co mmands and th or eti cal ly the light hould com on ea ch time but I neve got th lights so I'm highly suspici ous of what hap pened and I've got to have an exp lan a tion why this load Cooper Which he ve rifi ed to the cores and they chec ked ut [PAGE 80] 75 ak 0tr4f.lDEt-4TIA all right Conrad Yes it was address 03 and address 10 and they ver ified okay and that seemed to convince everybody except me that the load was correct and my mistake in retrospect I should have made them transmit the lo ad and either satisfied myself that the DCS li ght had burned out or that the operation did take place truly in th ma.mter in which it was suppo sed to and it did light the DCS light He knew the TR wa right because he had his TR clock synched in with the spacecraft TR Cooper And he assumed the load was right becaus he got maps back on it but I'm not too sur I Co nrad Yes that's pr tty dangerou Pretty dangerous Coop er I think this is it as I ju pointed out to an we were discussing in the corridor her my feelings on it are right now are re al strongly th at my recommendation ould be to piloia during really critical time periods I'd just turn th DCS circuit br eaker off I wouldn't even fiddle with it bec ause that one violation that of everything we had agreed on has just com let ely destroyed my confidence in the whole set up That's a ll it takes is th at one time just to com letely foul you up 0'8HF+9E [PAGE 81] 76 Conrad Coo per Cooper Conrad Co nrad Coo per Conrad IDEtff Big Brother Yes sir I do feel th at way I really do kay Le see a ll this real tim delayed time and by that all worked fin I thought Yes we had real littl trouble Th coordination with th ground really in genera went excellent Yes the only guy that had any problem as Guaym as do esn't hav a command system so poor ol Gu aymas was stuck hen he was first to pick us up coming into th states with hav ing to call us a.n te ll us turn on rea im and a ck and then th Ro us to pe opl oul ave to remind us turn off again but the rest of the flight the comm and 3ystem ran at telemetry an dumped elemetry and everything ls just fine as ar as I was conc erned were glad not to be bo thered wit it Co mmunicatio ns contr ol and swit ch es The vjc an I tell you that rea lly rked lick e:ccept tho darn rubber guards on th re Those ha vH got to go Yes The abin is dry enough The onl reason I can see they need th em on there is in ase you had a catastrophic water spillage which you do very easily ha ve £QMF-- 1De~JIA [PAGE 82] 77 Coo per Yes I pulled my ear plug and put the ear plug right in the bottom of my ear where it was barely hanging the re and I could hear anybody calling then Then I put the plug back in I thought th quality of the communication.ewas really as far as we were concerned in the air a:n:yway was excellent Conr ad Our be a cons worked sa tisfactorily both adapter and reentry band beacons most of the time they were in the command positi on the pe opl used them as they wanted them Coop er Let's see the eep configur ation we cov ered that yes that worked fine Conr ad Antenna selection I went to adapter and I really couldn't tel much different and then we decided we would go back to the check off list which called for reentry Oh I know how I got in adapter position Coo per Som eb ody asked you Oh it was that test Conrad Yes it was the UHF test that we pulled and we were switching from reentry to adapter from reentry to adapter and I fin a lly left it at adapter one time and the thing was working just grea as far as I could tell Coop er Yes it was there for a day or so Coop er Yes it was there for a day or so I really [PAGE 83] 78 Coop er You co uld dUlllp OU ZD or something Conrad Yes I Cooper But the neoprene things are hard to ee through you could actually push them up to the control knob to read what you got on there Co nrad Let face it Gordo once we got those controls set we never moved them Coop er Yes that right Once you set em you very seldom ever set them from there on Sc I guess it really isn too bad It's kind of a Mick ey Mou se thing -..net iit works I guess Conr ad Those light weight head sets Those PlEll'ltronic head se ts that we had I don't think tybody can argue about the voice quality and they are really comfortable up th ere Cooper es and they were really good recepti on too Conrad Just pull a plug out of my ear and et it hang and turn the sleep switch on when I W8J ted to sleep ever took the think off my head in or days I don believe I'd sometimes take it off and hook it under here for sleeping but after While I just got so used to having it on my he ad I just unpull th ear plug and let it hang an cl turn th sleep switch and the sleep switch orted gre a [PAGE 84] 79 c:.C OM ElllB!PYM couldn't see we didn't have too much problem with that but they wanted it back to reentry and I presumed that they will get the right data out of that UHF test to know what's wrong with th adapter an tennas if anything wrong with it But we stayed in reentry configuration most of the time Conrad controls Coo per We didn't have a:ny problems with i Conrad We had no problems there at a ll COMFHDEffFIAA [PAGE 85] 80 Electrical Cooper Con rad Coo per Con rad Cooper Con rad Cooper iE I A Elec trical system monitoring Well I can't sa enough for the fuel ll they re a lly performed they They ure did boy those li ttle rascal Et really work The purging I recommend that we changE i those purge swi tches and I don think this is dar gerous recommend that we change those purge sw i tches to three position Maybe guarded ones es maybe guarded ones What you might do was put a little thrE ie position guar there But that pring loaded bu sin ess that Bpring tension on those so I tell you my fingers are still sore from doing that I used my toothbrush hat's what I used a ll the time to purge them with You had to a ck them up with your tooth brush because we've got them guarded u.nd they a re spring lo aded and you just don think abo ut it but you just try an hold that spring that pos ition for two minutes it like a re ar ar ticul ar ly under ero You don't ave anything pu sh agai nst E@t l~I DEWI I [PAGE 86] 81 it FIOEt•l'f Conrad So I recommend they make the purging switches Well I recommend that they either cane up with a gimmick that you can insert on the switches when it is time to purge so that you can flip them on and time it and then ip them off or beyma.ke the witches three position Especially in that 14 day flight You purge every hours you know and that's minimum If you are running higher lo a ds you are purging every or every So that's quite a chore and it's like house keeping Those fuel cells have to be purged and minutes of witching is what it takes holding those spring lo aded switches Cooper and almost Yes and half a minute 26 sec onds That's really hard on the fingers hiding behind these guards we have makes it even more difficult but the guards should be there Let's se monitoring electrical power remaining onrad There was no big argument there Cooper No problem there a a just watching the hydrogen fa.11 Con rad They were either there or they weren't Coo per Ground information required to complete mis si on [PAGE 87] 82 eOl IDEl I At Well that there again Ti-ie cryos were re a lly the only problem we had with electrical The main ba teries the times th a Pete touched them they were just exactly like advertised onra Yes they were 22½ volts every time we tested them Cooper No problem at all Squib ba tteries were fine no problem Co ra Squib ba tteries came down a bout I would sa volts during the whole flight We a rted out with a common ccmtrol bus ha had bee 27½ vo and a the end of the flight it was 24 or omething like that 24 or something It am down about volts But one thing that nobody ever to me wa man when you fire thrusters an things like that you can ee a ot of ran sients on that common control bus Th a thing re a lly gets to os ci a ting up and down I wa sn sure ome thing wasn't wrong at the beginning SlJd I just pass hat on as a tip to people who go later On bo ard Co mp ut er ooper On.bo ar computer onrad I can ay too much for he co puter 6ither It rk ed an as tic a lly [PAGE 88] 4Flli'0@ A 83 Coo pe It couldn't have worked better It really did Co nra The IGS Guidance was indicating everything that we did We knew that we were going to loft a little bit and boy it showed that we should pitch down at second stage and RGS did pitch us down and when it pitched us down and put us on the IGS was centered up I never saw any big needle devi ations I didn see this big pitch transient at the end of the flight I think it did wander just a little bit in pitch but none of this off the scale stuff It looked like it was on the money all the wey am I felt that if we ever switched we would be right down the pipe with it ooper Yes I did too Real good onra In the insertion boy that math flow ca.me up with all the right numbers The numbers were just right You didn't read the numbers Where the ta began the numbers were on tbe money Addre ss 72 was 25,808 Address 94 dot was plus 20 feet pga 97 was plus feet 52 said we had a perfect insertion that we had no apogee adjust At perige there was 00000 an then calcul ate even though [PAGE 89] 84 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad tsl Fl I AL we didn't need one the directions should be applied at 3,042 seconds and the nominal value io 008 seconds and I just don't think you can ask for better computations than that Ok ay I think that everything that we did on it worked out quite well Catch up mode worked well The tl:.e one thing it did though there was one ancmaly that I saw on there an I almost had a heart attack at the beginning of the flight Remember we got into orbit and I don't know whether I did it or what but I got in the mo::le where I got the darn IVI running and it wouldn't stop running an the worked until I switched into pre launch nav again a couple of times and I finally got the IVI to quit and then I was very careful abo ut how I did any switching after that and I don't know what that was I'll have to sit down and talk to the computer people ab out that It seemed to me that what I did It happen ed once more Yes it happened one other time and we got out of i by going to pre-launch and letting it sit for @Ot FID tA I [PAGE 90] 85 Ef I Cooper FCSD REP Conrad ooper Conra Cooper awhile and it finally ran itself out and stopped But it looked ike the accelerometer bi as took off or did omething that ju st made IVI run I don re a lly understand what happened but I wanted to note that an anomaly I felt that the thing was running right and that this might have been a little glitch so I didn't report it to ground because well later on we didn really have any need for catch up or anything like hat and it seemed to ope ra okay ka let's see Or bit maneuvers I don think there was How ab out the powering down and powering up It sh ut down and tarted up as advertised ON with the on witch and 18 seconds it went through it's elf check and the green star comp i ght ca.me on green and it did it every time Okey Orbit maneuvers we have alrea dy covered that We powered it up for a ll our upd ates an it accepte it every time llO str a in Retro fire you got those numbers through We gave the number to IVI's af ter retro fire ead 269 aft and 10 left an 181 down [PAGE 91] 86 Co nra Cooper onra Coop er onra Cooper onrad Cooper onra Coo pe Conrad Cooper I I DEr4f liAll 10 left and 181 dOWl 269 010 181 Yes And as soon as those retro fir ed the llght came on gre en and it went right into reentry 5',lid an ce reentry guidance Reentry guid an ce was ri ght on the money when it ame on it came on exactly on time Roll neeclle roll bug Stopped a 400 000 fe et right at the tine Hou ton ga ve us our omputed ti me to 400 And the 290 steering command came in ust right am in just where they hould the di ection th ey hould come in and everything At abo ut the ight magn itude And a bout the right magnitud Then the problems sta ed And tba wa the loo nut on the ground an ot in the a ir rtunately MDU ha work ed fine That appa re tly worked fine Co pu ter mode Let ee pr aunch worked good Asc ent wo rked bea utifu ly cat ch up Ne didn rea ly do any ca tch up except the one itL4il.Air [PAGE 92] 87 Conrad Now there was one thing there I do n't know if it was the radar or the computer But the first time we flew over the Cape and locked up on the back up REP on the ground it read out the digital millage to a gnat's eyebrow It locked up at 248,66 miles and I don believe it will read any higher than that supposed to be 250 ut I had the sam number at the other end so I suspect that that is as high as it will re ad out And it tracked ha thing right over the ape where we got down to I think we got down to our slant range at th closes approach was 161 mile or something like that and everyti.me I punched it up to the range went do'Wl'l and Cooper Man tha was really beautiful just be a utifu The rada itself stayed locked on for I felt like you could a lmost point out the tower it was right on the mila.ge mcxl Conrad Bu in the catch up mode it read out to 248 66 miles both at the start of lock up and the end of lock up and I was really impressed with that Then a fter that we always locked the ap The a dar locked on like it should on the REP but we [PAGE 93] 88 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Coo per Con rad Co oper Conrad a@Q Ft9€NII never got it to read through the compute1 now I Yes but my anal og read outs read Yes but wait a minute your analog rea outs only go to 300,000 feet and that's 50 miles El.l'l.d we were never within 50 miles of it so Yes but they re a correctly and I got Hteering ra ar steering Yes but the analog couldn't have read correctl If it read anything on your scale it wa wrong because it should have read only digita What I saw it was showing that it was getting a eading Oh yes well there was no doubt that ue were locked up The dot was going right on out past there you know and then it came on past But I don't know whether if the proble in the [PAGE 94] 89 digital read out was a computer problem in the catch up and rendezvous mode of accepting radar data or whether it was radar problem ut I ll mention under the computer bec aus I sort of suspect it was a computer problem Cooper Eut I don't understand why it worked so well th one time and the other time it didn work Con ra Something gave out Either in the radar or in the computer Well then we neve did get to check a.ny thing in the rendezvous mode ooper No reentry Co nrad We dan know what the problem was in reentry but I think the canputer did a 40 job it did just what it was suppose to do It just had bum dope [PAGE 95] 90 8.8 Crew Station Cooper Conrad Coop er Conrad Cooper onrad Coo per Conrad Okay contro and displays sequence telelights he only comment I have on seque ce el elights is th at the comp light on the comput~r is too bri gh That right We a re going to have to have so way of iimming tha or put som tape over it or something because ha a comme nt for GT espe ci ally Because when you are running it at nigh with th computer on for rendezvous tha comp lig ht darn near blinds you eah it I really bright That needs a dim ea tu on i The other sequential telelights that are in there are all dimable or turnoffabl Say th er is on thing hat we didn through I onder if that thing is on the bright im sequence We never did put the switch to dim I never thought of it in days eibher I'll bet you it's on he bright dim circuit but we never used that swi ch We ve never had occassion to ever us hat swi ch You lmow we alwa ys check sequence ight bright th at is what that check is or laughte Coop er [PAGE 96] 91 Conrad Learn something new everyday Coo per I didn't think about that Conrad 11 bet baby it is Co oper Well that something somebody ought to check out This is just a comment Conrad But we never did have any reason to dim it in the simulator You never tried to look out the window Coo per You don't have anything to look out the window at Co nrad Yeah Coo per Okay event timer stopped at 48 minutes after insertinn and never ran it again until we cranked it up at 27 minutes prior to retrofire Conrad Yeah that's right That was one of those things they had power down We never powered it up in the flight Coop er Apparently it is a fairly good power consume Conrad But it worked all right ooper The IVI worked fine oth er than the one comment Pe te made while ago that they were continually run ning there for a while Th FDI excellent Range and range rate indicator worked good on the REP boy really really good It worked very good on the [PAGE 97] 92 a ef FIE)l!I Pl~L Conrad Coop er Conrad Co oper Conrad Cooper Conrad Coop er Conrad And the analog range was in close agreeme:'lt with the digital range when the REP was going away from us Yep The GLV fuel and oxidizer pressure gauges worked excellent except for the IPS St age two IPS fuel gauge failed to the full max deflect i on posi tion just shortly before POGO started an cl stayed in the OFF position until after staging It came back on and worked for about a minute an then went back off again he altim eter worked just lik it worked in the altitude chamber Stopp ed at 96 800 fe et It was very jerky on the wa:y up It was erratic going up And I don guess you ca.n expect a pressm alti meter like that to follow as fast as that booster is moving I t's eally winding up Coming back on reentry why we were apparently a lot slower on the other aide of it beca use it unwound in a.n extremely st ady manner and it seemed to be right with the barostat It was right on the barostat actually And this is really the important thing [PAGE 98] 93 Cooper Rate of descent you kno I even forgot to look at the rate of escent Conrad Well we didn even worry about it When the ch ut Cooper When the main chute opened as good as i did Co nrad out there hat we both watched the main chut and I saw the water coming at the corner of he window Cooper I didn't even think look at th ra of descen I knew it wa go od Co nrad Yeah we didn have a:ny reason to look at it Cooper I forgot about ha Co nrad No we got bus doi ng a heck th re too Cooper Well we were a ls having a couple of radio ca lls in there and it was in errupting Conr ad Yeah radio ca lls and we knew the chute was good and ther asn't a:ny reas on to look at it Coop er I sure the rate of desce nt worked all right Coop er Acce lerometer i seemed wc in Conrad We look at it th next time Cooper eah okay 11 make a not Cooper The ac celeromet er worked fin he switches and circuit bre ak er panel Conrad I t's still xt remely ea sy to knock off a:ny circ it breakers [PAGE 99] 94 FIB Et 4Tl"'1L Cooper Anyt:iJlle you move around in there Conrad You get in the habit of real fast checking that Coop er I would strongly recommend to anybody in any crew that anytime they do any moving around turning around in the cockpit that they run a c:Lrcui breaker check Conrad we did Cooper Because invaribly we would always find one off Everytime we would run a check somewhere or another we would find one knocked off Conrad We usally found a reason for it though he ov er head ones we knocked off with the water gun so we stopped putting it up there And the orni I thought I knocked off on the right hand side I came to the conclusion that was one the heater blnw out It just blew it off Cooper And the mirrors worked excellent I mus say Deke you do need that in-flight repair occasionally to tighten those mirror Conrad You mean the postlanding kit Cooper Whew Gracious I lost my head The pontlanding kit to tighten up the adjustments on thoeie mirrors to keep them tight Repair reticle you know things like that J~ilE ttlAt [PAGE 100] Conrad Cooper Cooper Conrad Cooper FCSD REP Conrad FCSD REP Conrad 95 COtrt IQ itilili Sui The first tlling that happened ete's suit had to be repaired wizzle stick I used the swizzle stick for qui te awhile to punch off the DOS light when ete was asleep but finally it got to where it was j:ust easier to reach over ther I've got pretty long arms I think most people would probably need the swizzle st ick get over there to punch it off I never had the occasion to use it That's the only time I used it I used it once for turning on the ACME power over there efore we go a:ny further while I'm thinking about it on the pad out here you said you could see that umbilical tower when they started to raise it No the erector The erector Yes You could take he mirror out of the holder and ol it at the bottom of the window and you could measure the distance Now I don't know exactly how high we are above the road but where the road winds up to the pad and makes a left turn in and drive straight into the pad you could see the intersection of that road So I S83 that you can see the ground some te t-tPfOEtfF 1'tl [PAGE 101] CO fF t-l 350 feet away from the booster You can se ground level and we were going to use that procedure if we aborted didn't know if we were going to mak a land or a ater lan ing but we lt hat we could use the mirror to see if we were over water or over land at least within 350 feet of the space craft in the direction of the windows didn't use the mirror on the water landing out c~er Bermuda because I oould see the water out of th corner of the window by just putting my head up and peering at it in the two-point attitude I could se the water coming I knew we were fairly low As a matter of fact that altimeter was just about on the money wasn it Conrad We were at just about zero feet when we hit the water We had a good altimeter setting Cooper Almost ex actly zero feet Conrad Th.is is what McDivitt said Don't go on that 29 92 They gave us a 30 10 altimet er setting and when it read zero we were on the water Cooper Yes that was a real good one Conrad So I recommend they stick with this giving the altimeter setting in the recovery area be ause it can make the difference of a co le of hun dred ee 01 tDEl TIAt [PAGE 102] 97 Cooper Okay- radar Warm up time we don't have any comment on that onrad No hat was straightforward ooper A cquis i tion range onrad It acquired in excess of 250 miles and read at 250 miles ooper hat's that Acquisition attitude well at one ti.me I thought we were out of attitude and it still was reading right on locked up Conrad Yes Cooper Ease of lock on good Capability of holding lock it seemed to hold lock very well Flight display onrad I was fine All you needed Cooper adar tests generally from our point of view it went very well We never had any false lock problems at all We didn I really give these a fair shake however Conrad Yes Cooper But from the testing that we did we encountered no false locks onrad We didn't get a false lock wh en we turned around and looked at the REP Cooper No we didn't [PAGE 103] 98 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Coop er Conrad Cooper 0+4Fl if We urned around and we waited unt i mjnute was over and banged on the radar and it did take his 23 seconds or anything I just bammed It just locked up on us right here Locked up instant an eously here it was No doubt in your mind Lig ting indicators and instruments Okay there's a def iciency here You need to see that center instrument panel and You need some kind of glow You need some kind of a little glow down hat center instrument panel to be a ble to see that hing hat thing is really bla ck Without bringing that big darn I really don't unders and why those guys took that ed center light out Whi we are talking about lights let's se if we cover that No we don't But there is a real safety of-flight item in hat cockpit lighting That is if you le a ve a:ny one of these lig·hts on and in particular the big bright center light hich is the landing light I think it is on th er in th light sol noid area the reostat you build up a heat thing that is actuall to the point of being explosive I actually gets to eet*t8 i q;rw [PAGE 104] Conrad Coop er Conrad Coop er Conrad Coop er Conr ad ooper where it will burn Yes you could smell paint It burns the paint in the spacecraf You can smell paint cooking That's the first thing that we notic ed the first day I ll tell you what heats up It the reost at Well the thunderstorm light th.at Gordo referring to doesn't have a reostat hat just flat puts out heat It just flat puts out heat You can burn your glove right off your hand on th.at one Your under-window right and left lights if we ran those at great periods of time with the light dimmed down th.at reostat gets so bloody hot th.at you can smell th paint cooking again I felt that that was a real bad si uation and we have comments on th.at So we kept rotating th ese lights on and off We never did burn our lights too steadily unless we absolutely had to he other problem there was that anything that generates th.at much heat is going to have a tend ncy to burn out and I ll tell you you lose one of tho se cockpit lights buddy and you ar screwed You really are QNFl9Et TIAL 21a 99 [PAGE 105] 100 Conrad I had already busted my au.xiliary light a.nd if I would ha ve burned out the light on the right i strument panel we would have had to rtm that center light a lot and I don think that center light would have lasted either Coo per No I think that whole center console area is a very weakly lit area It could certainly stand a very very faint sof light When you are rtmning mder night light conditions you'd be able to see th radio swit ch es and this type of thing Let see indicators and instruments well of course a pet peeVE of mine is that we couldn get EL in the balls I still think the balls could certainly be lit a lot bett er al though they a re satisfactory for what we ve got I think the- Conr ad We really didn't use that except during lift off and re entry but it does shine Mine shines in your eye doesn it Cooper Yes there is a real bad ea ture in the cockpit in that a:ny lighting at all either one of the right or the left lights say ete turns his right light on particularly if I'm trying to look through the re ti cle it just zaps It gone Can't see a thing in [PAGE 106] 101 there with a.ny light on in th cockpit In order to use the retic you have a lmost got to dim out all the lights in the cockpit and this is pretty ha.rd to do because you need to use some around Conrad And you know they bad a light down on the center pedestal shining aft that was supposed to light up the water management panel and everybody took it out You have to do most of your work on that water manage nt panel blind I mean you sort of put your hand in there backwards and everything and as long as everything runs all right you only need that one switch to go from off to overboard The other two switches stay in the normal position unless you have some sort of problem But it would be nice to light up that whole area down there There is no way without a flashlight or pulling that auxiliary light way over there to tell how much water you have in the water tank Cooper I don't think you can tell with it I took that auxiliary lig ht and got back in there and practically crawled down in there With that darn experiment thing installed on t0p of the tank there you can't see the water level bubble anymore They i nstalled [PAGE 107] 102 Pete experiment right on top of the water tank where the water level bubble and the mea3uring gauge is It built right on over it so you can see it Conrad We used every combination of ight in 1ere that you could think of depe nding on what we we re doing Som etimes we ran with Gordo if one guy as sleeping the other guy would run with his red lights on dim And many nights we ran with no lights at all We had that much confidence in things like a bin pres surization and so forth tha we just powered down the light and we would go through whole night sides without ever turning th lights on an never even looking at the instrument panel when we were in dri::ting light We ould both nod or look out the window Cooper Or sleep Conrad Yes and one of the reasons we did this Has because of this heating problem I ad a decided fear that we would be in real trouble if we burned ou any light We had no way of replac ing them So an time I could onserv elec rica lighting by saving the bulb I would turn the thing off I didn want to build up big he a loads in them We ran red lights we ran white lights we ran the center lights only [PAGE 108] Pl8ENTI 103 we ran the left side only we ran the right side only we ran them in a:ny combination you co uld think of ju st dependent on what you wanted to do with them Sometimes you needed lights in the daytime sometimes you didn't need lights in the daytime It depend on what your orientation and what you were doing hat was very interesting It's an entirely lighting situation than in an -ai-rp lane Cooper Let see We checked out the one light that we hadn't mentioned here I think we mentioned all of them ex cept the doggone docking light We did check it out and it really throws out a nice light out there We didn have anyth ing to try it out on out beyond the nose but it sure lights up the nose As a matter of a ct on that onenlght side we kept wondering where in the heck that light was com ng from Conrad I kept saying Hey the sun is really shining on the nose for a long time It was the night I blew up the Cooper We were pointing straight up Conrad Yeah I blown up the shrimp and gotten it a ll ov er the right console and when I was cleaning it off I had inadvertently turned on the docking light switch It took me about 10 minutes looking out there trying [PAGE 109] 104 I FID Ef TIAt to figure out what the heck it was shin ng out there on the nos It finally came to me in a flash that the docking light was on Now that is another thing I don know how they covered that REP with the re flective ape but man that thing a bright Cooper All you could see was the light Co nra No I mean in the daytime Cooper Oh yes Conrad In the daytime with the sun shining on that thing it a lmost burned a hole in your head Boy it was bright Co oper es actually Conr ad It looked like a little sun out there Cooper Pete went into it deciding that he was n~ver going to see it in the dayti and I think he ha i a big sur pr i se I was determined that we were go ng to see it Conrad And we did see it in the daytime severa times after i had gotten a fair distance away from us I say or miles away Cooper It wa bright It was almost brighter on th day i de than it was at night In fact it as so bright i would blot out those blinking lights Co nxa Yes that right he REP itself was bright enough an reflective enough that it would blot out the [PAGE 110] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper FCSD REP Cooper FCSD REP Cooper -ee,Nfl f!l!fftlrt 105 flashing light but there were times when we saw it close enough in the dayside that we could see the flashing light it didn get that far away from us and thats why I ill challenge this 375 miles You aren going to see that dipole as long as we did The last time I saw that thing I was still seeing the dipole antenna That right hat's the last thing I saw You aren't going to see tha dipole at several hun dred miles That right and we saw it in the daytime Yes And it was on the 5th or 6th orbit Ok ay utility light interior lights outside lights Talking about outside lighting from external We didn have any flashlights All we had was the glov es It says glove It should be glare Gla.re well anytime the sun comes whopping in the window there you are going to really have a gld,re And anytime you are sitting there watching the earth tracking a target down on the earth and you suddenly come back into the cockpit you aren going to see a COt'4f K)itsl11.,tfLP [PAGE 111] 106 IEl l;l Ii 11 Cooper Conra FCSD REP Co nra Cooper Conr ad Cooper Conra th ing You a re completely blinded because when you have gotte used to the outside sunlit earth and you come back in the cockpit it takes a few seconds to adapt to seeing things in ide Intensity controls think they were f:.ne I thought they worked pretty well and I must say as Pete mentioned I did like tho red lights ery well Fingertip lights hey or ked out all ght A fla hl i ght would have be en better but he fingertip lights are i ne Onbo a rd dat Flight plan strip we ea lly didn use We used our own checkoff list because a ll we had on the flight plan strip was checkoff lists You couldn't read it at night and we just put something on there beca1 se it was going to be in the space raft You didn use it I set it up in the proper places but ar.ytime I really used a checkoff list I used this one right here And I think that one is going to be repl aced by a clock Yes Checkl ist cards I can't ay too much for them They are re a lly good We beat them over the head and we reworked them and EO liiM-iJiO [PAGE 112] 107 reworked them I lmow we drove tho guys nu ts down there but I ll tell you there are darn few things I change on these set of ca rds right now after having flown the flight Th ey really helped us And the experiments book helped us and the log book worked well and I think we kept things fairly straight Cooper In general I th i nk the books worked out very very we Conrad Our big flight plan book worked out well it didn't get in the ay Our ree try book I ink could be made ma ller I would recommend next i me that they put the schematics tog ther like Neil did in the GOH Junior which turned out that he had the schematics in a b◊Ok that was 10 inches high and inches wide and about inch thick Just by folding them a certain way and this you would put away and never pull out Now everytime we hauled out tha reentry book to do anyth i ng we had all the schematics and everything really didn need to haul those a round all the time We could have found a proper pl ac for them So I not compla ining a gainst the reentry book and I wouldn take anything out of it By golly we used everything in the books We looked 4ft90tt A [PAGE 113] 108 at schematics when we were up there Don't think we didn't with the troubles we had We used everything in that reentry book Th ere is only one book that we didn't take out of its holder and that w~s the REP and that is because we gave up the REP or we would have used that one And this big flight plan like this I'd recommend that you make it even bigger You've seen how much writing we did in it I recomment that you use the same procedure of keeping a log book and a flight plan because two guys are working all the time You put it down in the log book and then you write it down in th flight plan and this helps you organize it By writing it down in the flight plan is when we really recognized just what we had tc unstow and how we had to put it together to make tha series pass work right It took us three days to do that We still spent a lot of time thinking about this The maps boy that's another thing If we didn't have that map we wouldn't have known where in the hell we were Cooper Yes that orbital map Conrad Those map updates were the greatest Cooper I'll tell you the map that was the useful one was the [PAGE 114] 109 Conxad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conxad Cooper Conrad map that Harry Ko uma had in there Yes we used this one too Yes this big map that he had in here.was really a good one Yes that helped you even better find out where you were Man that's a good map For instance over here we were over here trying to find some details on some isla.nois Where was it Yes you could go to this map and get an orbit and come down to Oh islands or something off here Let see where were they Some of these little islands right here off India We could pick up these little tiny chains and these things The Solomons and these little messy things down in here boy and all this stuff out in here Here is all that junk we kept passing over in there Yes We were getting the New Hebrides the Carolines and the Marshalls We were going over everyone of those darn islands just like on our maps boy Just beautiful And you could really pinpoint your location That [PAGE 115] 110 ee Er I AL ally impressed me Cooper ere is where we did al he ph oto graphing Conr ad Yes tha rig ht Here is where we ph tographed A ustralia one day Much Laughter Cooper We were photographing the hell out of Au stra li a coming right down across here hen we thought wel that odd Never had noticed that Where is that island off here Well that does look kind of like umatra coming across th er And there is another big island and I thought well darn I know there isn't another big isl an coming off there and it wa orneo and here comes A ustr a ia ortunatel we had th time on it so somebody an go back thro igh and recons ru ct whe we really were Co nra I was trying to find where we struck out Austral i a and wrote do wn alestine Cooper Pal estine ear me had two cameraB going ust as as a they ould cl ick You know elicke click click Nobody had gotten aeria ph otographs of Australi a befor during the daylight Co nra Listen I a iLk ed to Paul Back er and he ol me the 16mm fil came out great So maybe we got he REP pi tures too OMFfOtf [PAGE 116] Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conr ad Co oper Cooper 11 Okay maps and over ays--they were rea ll good books and the data books were good and we used the star charts- The onl maps I thought weren't worth a darn were the Apoll landmark maps Yes well you ll get to debrief on that through Apollo in here But our straight data books and everything- Yes they ere good used al of them No comment on them We took the experiments procedure book and the ex periments log book just like this and whoever had the watch side put them in the Volkswagen bag We take the reentry book which we had the PLA updates in and the other book and we wou just throw the down between our le gs If you wanted to oo at the igh pl an you would just li ck it up grab it and read the thing and throw it back down there again There was enough oom so that Pete kept them on the side of his le ft eg and I kept them on the sid.e of my right eg and we wou just pass them back and forth kay start charts by gol I thought they were [PAGE 117] 112 Conr ad Coop er Cooper ally good and I think anybody that wants to get lined up for a night retro if they do once and aren't convinced that star charts were retty use ful they're Well it gave us a great dea of confidence to go into the star chart the last day and pic:k out the right yaw stars and then as we were aJ.ining the platform to see those yaw stars go right thro ugh the middle like they were supposed to I think the star chart was very usable snd very neat much sma ller and neater in this fashion than it is in this great big mechanism thing we hav-e I think th ey're very usable in that fashion Stowage Hah What are we supposed to say about stowage Boy it's probably the most critical thing in a long flight It has to be kept up on an hourly basis Belts and harness- I thought they were perfectly satisfactory except for one set of be ts I wanted to get out before the flight and if I were doing it again I'd take my own scissors down there and cut them out That is the knee belt which was put in there for pressur ized ejection I is sti ll in there and it is in the way and I hated the darn thing Mine flopped and apped around in there [PAGE 118] 113 I fina ly took them and gouged them down in al ong side th eat I too my sciss rs and cr ammed them down in there and that is where they stayed the who fl ight Conrad Yes I not convinced they are neces ary Cooper hat knee restraint belt was put in th re so that if you were ejecting at high al titude and you came out in a pressur i zed con dition onrad I think the arm restraints ought to be ooked at the same way Coop er My arm restraints st ayed in th down osition I aunched with them down I eentered with them do wn and they never came out of the down position Th ey could have a ved a good or pounds of weight on my se a by taking my arm restraints ut I ld he that before and they said ell th ey wou dn't ever be abl to get them of You know the seat wa out itting over there and I coul have removed them my~e in minutes when we were in Weight and Bal ance They said the paperwork invo lv ed in re moving them would robab take a year So those two items I ew with I thought were comp ete worth es And the lifevest I don know what you are going to do better I rea ll don [PAGE 119] 14 Conrad Coop er Conrad Coop er Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper honestly mow what you are goi ng to do be tter because of the ejection situation but they are in the way hey are in the way of everything you do and they are real little bearcats to get on and off -these little lifevests We didn't have a pl a ce to stow them Yes we left them on the whole darn tim just because we didn I have anywhere to stow them ll ut they are really in the way hey are a real pail in the rear Yes it all part of the suit combina tjon Well that's right If you didn have the suit they wouldn be so bad Waste disposal pack harder Yes Pack tighter That's a very grave problem in the a ct that as you start getting defecaticn wastes of this type you want an area where you are not going to mix ing that with other items too much and you want an area that you start packing right the first time so you don have to keep dragging it all out and repacking I don't mow how you are going to do it any differently than we did in ke eping one a re a completely open for it and just working and using that for your disposal [PAGE 120] 115 FCSD REP Cooper Conrad area How about urine The urine system worked just great Except for one problem It leaked on occasion an I really att ibute that to the fact that this rubber device gets covered with tars I co ve ed his ret ty thoroughly with the doctors I recommend tha you take new urine rubber receivers a long one per each day of the flight We had four along and we changed hem every two days Th ey get gummy and tarry and they don have their holding power and urine tends to flow back eeft#AD i ITt,o [PAGE 121] 11 i I OLN I iAt around the side hat is wh at i amounts Cooper es Conrad We neve had any oub le with them when put on a new one The new one would as about a day before i would st art getting gummy We ri ed everything to ke ep them clean Cooper It wou ld get gummy Conrad wipe on them and we left them unrolled so that hey would dry out Cooper The rubber gets so gummy you can put the wo togethe and they us stick toget her It gets a ll gummy and sticky It may be a better material is av ailabl Conrad I still think i ts the urine ha does i Cooper Tha wha I'm saying here may be a better material availabl th a the urine won effec tha ay The urine is eating into that latex its late rubber I suspect Either carry more good ones al ong or get a better mater i al to use That should ave been eval ated by CSD They should have determined th at urin does effect them and makes them go to pieces in a hurry Conrad Yes I not sure they don even wash then out occas iona lly [PAGE 122] 117 Cooper Two other things we have is that you leave preheat on for minutes prior to flushing We got one remendo us big glob of urine ice that broke off sometime about the fifth day Conrad Oh yes Cooper And man that indicated that it really bui up It must have been as big as that box there Conrad It looked like one of those sand castles you build It was a conic a buildup of ice The liquid had flowed out It kept building up an building up But it was still flowing out through the center like a volcano he darn thing broke off one day ou there and boy I tell you that thing was about this big around and it was about and 1/2 inches high It just went floating righ by the spacecraft and it was pure yellow Ha ha It was about by by or 1/2 or About inches in diameter and about inches high It was triangul ar dribbled up rough sha ped but you could see where it was smooth on the back side where it had actually tar ted to freeze Boy that scared us We didn want the urine system to freeze up so we went to minutes We used the recommended McDonnell procedures and we revised those slightly when we found out the tar was beginning FIB l!r 4ih [PAGE 123] 118 eO +Ft0E trff Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 8.9 Biomedical Cooper to gum up the little valve too The little relief check valve We built up a pressure in there when you would star to UJ1inate in that thing We would open it up and dump for 30 seconds after we went thr ough regular dump cycle and evacuated the bag We wou open it up to the cockpit and let it dump 30 seconds which is what MAC rec omm ended Then we wou sit there and cycle it on and off a have that vacuum suck around down on that valv Open and close that valve dry We cycled it three or four times rapidly wit the vacuum opening and closing it and then we shut the system down I don know whether that helped or ot We had the impression that it did It made us feel better about the whole si·;uation At least the thing worked the whole time Medical Data Passes They weren really too big a problem hey re necessary I guess they are as minimum in interfe ence as you can get thE ise medical data passes They weren too bad I ta ked to Chuck Berry this morning about it I thir.k that getting the food down into a better type i ystem where 10E [PAGE 124] lil ll bt 119 you give the pilo more option in what he ea ts rather than ry to give him meal A is goi ng to allevia te thei ro blem as well as the pilots a great deal It ll make i easie and a ke a lot less ransm itting They we re th or oughly confused by th is numbering system It made it more difficult or them to keep tr a ck of what we we eating The xcer sior worked fine No problem at a ll I act I used th a exerc iso a lot of times other th an medical passes My lcne got hurting me About the hird day they reall st ar ed hurting So I started using th exer ci sor egu lar and found th at it helpe Pete did he same thing a te when his Conrad I didn use it as much as Gordo did but I did use it for he same reason Both my knees got sore from being bent all the ti me For some reason I don know why it settles in your knees I just found out that maybe once or twice a day with tha thing in add it i on to the edica dat a pass elimi na ted the whole thing Co oper Yes it rea ly helped Food and wa te evaluation We have already evaluated the wa te The water was excel ent Having col water is reall a luxury 4Fl&li lhtl [PAGE 125] 120 ti fl8Et It i sure different than Mercury The food just boi down to the fact that we qu it eating the bite size food entirely We had absolu te ly no desire for it after th third day I doubt whet 1.er we touched a drop of that bite size food af for he third day We ate rictly the rehydrated food If I we re sitting down i ght now to redo thi fli ht I would make up a recommendation or the foo I would have a number of bags made up just the size of these rehydratab bags Bagi that don't have to be folded crushed rolled or steam ro llers driven over them I make up these packets of eight ten or i te en or whatever the neatest package with a zipper or a ve lc ro on it if I put those in there and let the pilot pick ut what he wanted for a meal He could pick out ne or two or three or wh a te ver he fe lt like he wanted for a meal He could do the same with the juices I'd have other bags in with just juices We have a gre a many juices a ll stacke i there and they don have to be all folded and rumpled up I th i nk they will probably package a lot neater this way You just ave two types of bags You have [PAGE 126] 12 iO I Qf ti food bags and juice bags And then I'd have another bag just full of these wet wipes I somebody wanted a wet wipe they could go in and get a wet wipe They wouldn have to be handed back and forth back and forth They wouldn be hanging all over the cockpit And that way you have a very neat set up You wouldn have a lo of food that is difficul to stow The big difficulty in owing this food is the paper This makes the bulk All this tinfoil and other things wrapped in individual plastic and then more foil and a great big package holding the whole thing And When you get all this paper gathered up the best you can possibly packet you have at least equal volume to what you had initially with the food I think that you can cut do wn a great deal by clever packaging and allow the pilot to choose his foods per meal I think he'll be happier I think the packaging of it will be neater and easier I think you will get a lot more effective use of space I think the bigges problem for GT-7 will be that they are going to have a factor Everytime they pul out a package of food by the time they get that food plus the waste products back in and stowed it going to be exac tl @ot FtMl 11x [PAGE 127] 122 EO FH Jl!m twice the size it was hen it came out I don believe there is anyway ge around it the way the food is packaged Conrad What are you going to do Jim a.nd at11 everything in the spacecraft You and I hardly ate anything If we had known that we were going to ea what we ate we could have had twice the room in the Bpacecra Co per Yes Conrad We le 10 pack a ges of food there We m•ver ever touched it Plus we filled up the Jocker with another third of the food we didn't eat from the packages that we opened oast apr i cot cubes brownie squares fruit cakes a.nd I don know wh at all were stuffed all over that spacecraft We didn eat any of that I couldn eat it if I had wanted to I just didn have a:ny desire for that stuff at all Cooper I don know what it was about but it ju seemed to be so dry and ch ew and concentrated Conrad The doctors figured we were running on ab)ut 1800 calories a day and I don feel that we were cheating ourselves There is a big diffe -ence between our flight and Jim and Ed They went a::ter this big extravehicular hing and I think tha it probably MiWIL [PAGE 128] 123 Cooper Well I ll tell you a couple of days we ate a lot more That third day we had a real full day We were really busy Man we really had the appetite We really gobbled down the fo od and we ate good hose days we were just drifting were Co nrad Th at makes sense to me because if I wo king I eat a lot and if I not working I don eat much Cooper Maybe our morale was low all over We didn consume much food I got hungry and Pete did too I could tel when I was hungry and we'd say okay let break out th food and eat We really boiled down to just about meals a day when we powered down and eal a day when we were wo rk ing hard It was only about me al a day powe red down th at we even wanted The bite i ze food tastes awful good whe you just sit around and snack on bite size food I just didn taste wo anything up the re I may have finished of maybe one or possibly two packages of it up here just by having it sitting around i th at little nook or rann Maybe once a day I'd have one of he Jus an i n-between meal snack but other han that i was really a waste havi ng he along I think th at if we had all bite size food we would have quit eating -eof'~kJelSt rm [PAGE 129] 124 entirely I imagine that would be an ea3y way to package the food But the rehydratab nes ere really good There is just no getting acound it They are good food The are nourishing and Conrad Boy I don't know what to say about the 3leep periods Cooper The juices were good Th ey were really Hxcellent We had some leak We had four bag fail res on those plastic bags I think it was the unction of crumpling this bag all up again and hav ing wad i around to fit it -tigh tly in to a diffe:'.'ent shape from the fold that it was in I th ink tha.t those four bag failures could have been eal serious ete had one that was worse proba bly Conrad I was eating merrily on the eighth day hrimp creole and it blew out the side and it blew this itty bitty dehydrated rehydrated shrimp all over the circuit breaker panel It was red and i looked like somebody had flashed their hash all over--Ha,ha You can clean it up in ze ro Everytime you wipe a shrimp off one place it would float over somewhEre else I was snatching shrirap out of the ai al over everywhere I was bloody mad at the bag I was abo to have a fit ONPl9@11ff [PAGE 130] FCSD Rep Con rad Cooper onrad Cooper Co nrad ooper 125 MUAL Why don we finish this sleep eriod And we wil be through with systems and pick up those questions Sta rt the experiment ay Ok ay slee period I think the schedule needs to be set somewhere around the normal eep ycle that a pe rso has a ready in ot er words I don think that the eep ought to be set for mid- morning or mid- afternoon And I personally think that the cockpit is sma ll enough that you re al mo going to have to eep both guy at the same time I concur I don thin you can be doing the ex eriments with one of them And have the other one as leep Yeah ete and I both found that the time when we really slept the bes and most comfortable and real ly got some good sound leep was when we powered that thing complete ly down and turned all the ights out and were down around the back ide area of South America and there wasn anybody to cut in and be flashing in to tell us all kind of things and they wou leave us a one and we just both power down and go to sleep and get a good eep And that is the only way you are going to do it becau if ne guy is [PAGE 131] 126 FCSD Rep Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad doing experiments or working or if one in the spacecraft or doing a ll this other stuff the other one is just not going to sleep Thi i pure and simple as that How about mentioning about how quiet it is The inside of the spacecraft is just as quiet as the inside of a very quiet office room Yeah Well now the big thing here is ihat we had taken our helmets off and put these neck dams on so we had no none of this suit air flow over the mikes And when you get in that configuration so you are not picking up any noises as a matter of fact we had our intercom volumes turned down Most of our talking we were doing was to one another We were just talking in our normal tone of voice And our radio volume levels were extremely low We were carrying about on our radio volumes And that was more than adequate volume I mean that guy came in loud and clear in the headset You could hear a pin drop in that spacecraft The only sound that you were aware of was a very gentle swishing sound of air which was flow due to the recirc being open Right Cooper [PAGE 132] 127 Cooper And it was so quiet that you cou ld hear a guy when he picked the book up and started turning the page Conrad Yeah I could hear in back in the adapter section after rea ly getting adapted to this thing we could hear the hydrogen vent we could hear the fuel cell hydrogen purge We cou ldn hear oxygen purge We could hear al th uster firing of the attitude thruste When we did ur burns we didn even have our helmets on Did we We had our helmets off when we did the maneuver burns when we did those perigee and we could hear al thrusters firing Aft firing thru ters bl i pped the forward fi ing thr us te and we fired the up own and left and right thruste rs and we heard them al fire a ll the maneuver thruste rs and all the attitude thrusters And I could hear many other noises working bac in the There was a pump pac ka ge or something squeaking ba ck there that squeaked for a ll through the test period and I was curious to see if I wa going to hear it in flight and sure en ough it was loud and le ar It was back there behind my hea in the adapter section An you could hear ju anything that was out of the ordinary no ise And that was what the pr oblem ee-NFlt:JfflTF-;1¥1 [PAGE 133] 128 4FID it tTls-tt was it was so bla ted quiet in there that when something did click or snap or that was not cyclic in nature that you got use to it woke you up just like that And as Gordo says turning the pages i a book or he reach over and pull something off the Vel cr ju a little food package and just that little ip of the Velcro sounded like it was magnified in the cause it was so blasted quiet in the space cr aft He couldn talk in the micro phone without me hearing it Cooper I tr i ed actually cupping my hands and talking into my mike here so I could make as little n)ise as pos ible Conrad And I tried it too We would wake each ther up So ou recommendation I sure the spa~ecraft is safe You may want to look at something I really don think you need this but I think it should be looke at om an engineering point of view what would what are the catastrophic things that could bother you i you were both asleep that rould need somewhat of a warning to wake you up and I real don think you need any myself Cooper I don eit her Con ra But I think that the spacec aft and we felt that [PAGE 134] 129 way in flight and we did we both went to leep at the same time And I sure if we wou ld start losing ressurization our ears would have told us that we were as sensitive to th at as we were to noise Cooper Thi schedu le we have covered that I think it should be in Because invariably we could get busy doing other things and have many interfe ences and it would wind up that we would both wind up sleeping during the normal Eas Co ast nighttime cyc le In variably we just weren sleepy at other times Con rad Yeah I think the othe thing is that now in the schedu le my naptime al ways took pl ace when we were cleaning the spacecraft Th is was too short aft er the stateside passes hat compressed the whole rest of the sleeping cycle Although we tried to stick to it Gordo wou go to leep for his long perio which was usually hours instead of be cause we slid into that time We alwa ys ate our meals together and we were schedu le not to We always took the vision test together We weren this way we comp essed things down And uh then I usua lly wound up having about hours off but I never lept the full hours her was just one [PAGE 135] 13 night that I did There was one night that Go do slept maybe or hours and I let him Eleep that whole time because we were just exhausted And that was the same reciprocal thing he let me sleep fo or hours hat was the on ly time in the ight that we both rea ly ept any lo ng period of time The rest of the time I don't hink we ever slept longe than hour at the most And most of the time it was 50 minutes between ations Cooper Well that the whole thing that the on this sch dule thing there are many many many inter fe ences to sleeping and these stations just calling in letting you know that they have TM sclid and are standing by interfere with you- they wake you up Conrad They shouldn even do that on backside passes un le ss they got something to give you they sh uldn even call you Cooper And then too when they start handing ycu a bunch of flight plan updates and they want yoi to do thi and that and one man is trying to be- ttey ar try ing to eep one man real busy whil the other sleeps just doesn't work out Co nfiguration i,,ell just close your eyes The best configuratio eep is to turn all lights off and eep I will say one [PAGE 136] 131 thing right now that we haven mentioned befo I el iev th Pol ar oid window i ers we too were the greatest things we had along onrad Es pecially when we got on that drift in fl i ght oo er I real ecommend tho very strongly put both of those up dim then down to wh er they com pletely block things out turn the lig ts out go to leep and re a lly have at it onrad One guy could open is up and rea ly ee the gr~'.ll1d we ll with them in the op en cond it i on but i was a ci rc ular hole that wa mall and with th filter on the ot er window it kept he spa cecraft el ative da i the ot her guy was ry ing to sleep Cooper Ri ght What this mi ss ion br iefing onrad I think that was supposed to be the hi ng that we changed courses in midstream an we di we briefed each ot her and br ought one another up on what was going on and what we had written down CO~Ff l!J PffM [PAGE 137] 132 9,0 OPERATIONAL CHECKS Ap ollo Landmark Identification FCSD Rep Con ad FCSD Rep Conrad FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Conrad On th se let try to get everything in that log on these it going to take a little re time I thin Well you want to take each Apo ll landmark separa tely Is that what you want to do Yes As your list go down and call out the ones you did and whatever you have on your log there and we 11 put this in one neat i ttle packag Well the first one they gave us you want to do this exactly fully like time rev I li ke to yes because we ve had an awful ot of trouble Okay the first Apo lo andmark was 208 and it was on day one at 09 27 and it was covered b;r cl ouds And it was Cape Rhir and we didn get In fact the clouds were right over the dge and we di dn see anything until just about off the lan And the ne xt one was Gordo why don you talk about You took al these except you ook them al as a matter of fact so why don't you give them the business on that I didn even look at [PAGE 138] 13 60t Et lh\L half of them Most of them occurred during my sleep time Cooper Okay the next one was Sequence 212 And that is on Lake Winemarka and it was a point out in the akes in razi down in the Br azi lian area and it a arge ake There are no other akes in the immediate area Th ake was very very distinctive You could see it from some or 700 miles away very clearly big heavy jungle al around the lake and the point that they selected was the finger of a little peninsula out in the lake in a particular point right on the peninsula I thought the lak was easy to find the peninsula was relat i vely easy to find from quite a distance out There was no problem getting on it It was a fairly dist i nctive landmark The light was fairly low it was late in the day type pa ss and the light was fairly low over in the West but no particular problem getting on it ho ldi ng on he target and ide nt i yi ng it Apollo andmark et see I took sequences of pi cture over that And Apollo landmar 213 was the next one and I wonder if they want the magazi ne and sequence number Okay on 212 it was magazine and exposure 62 63 and 64 On Apollo landmark 213 [PAGE 139] 134 it was magazine exposure expo rnre 11 213 was Lake DePoopo in South America and here again the ake was fair distinctive a lt hough this was a shallow water la ke the other lake was i the mountains in a fair deep water crater-type lake whereas this Lake DePoopo was a flat land lake fai ly shallow the lake was not the same sh ap as on th map that we had of it In fact the map we have is quite a poor map and the is and th at the point i on Is a de Panza is not the same shape as the is land that is shown It is the onl i slanc it can be i is not exactly quite different in reality than it is here on the thing The islan is changed in shape but being a shallow water ake you can see that the la ke could very adi ly change with the water level change shape with the water level and these islan ds could very readi ly be modified fairly read ily just by dredging or hacking away at them It was bviously the only lake in th a im me di at area that i could be and it had the same general sha pe as this lake An it had the ri ve leading in The lake was a irly distinctive and fairly easy to find the point was easy enough to get onto and I got these two pictures of it Light [PAGE 140] I 135 conditions were again fairly late-in the-afternoon type light conditions but they were good enough don't think this lake was nearly as distinctive however as the Lago de Winemarga I don't think you can trust these shallow water lakes as being that definitive in that they may change a little on you and won show up as good particularly om higher altitudes I don't believe as the deeper water lak pe rhaps And the next one let see as to time days and times- first of a ll I was skipping that day 21 hours 45 minutes 39 sec onds was Sequence 212 which I covered Sequence 213 which we just covered was day 21 hours 38 minutes and seconds these were all made at 212 was ma de at 1/250 at because of the quite low light value and Sequence 213 was made at 1/250 at 9.5 and then one at because here again it was a fairly low ight level They were a ll made at fairly near 90° pitch down Sequence 207 was made by day hours 14 minutes 27 seconds I made two pictures there 57 and 58 are magazine 1/250 at and approximate ly 70° pitch down and 30 to 50° yaw These were yawed off at some slight angle And 207 was Can ary Islands and it was the southern point [PAGE 141] E;f Tl,•,L on the La Palma Island and very distinctive how ever one can get confused if there LS any it tle bit of cloud cover at th is ands yo·1 ooking at The re are approximately fiv or six islands out in this group and with some of scat tered cloud conditions vou can get on the wrong is land there fairly readi particularly i part of one is land where artial covered by cl ouds may be just a point you can very readily g1~t the wrong po.int However I think we got the ight point all righ without any problem And think the lighting condi tions were very exce nt really except for the scattered louds on the water own there the lig hting conditions themsdves were good for these pi ctures And on day 10 hou rs 25 min utes and seconds we got Sequence 08 which was the one we had tried the first day and had had cloud cover That was magazine e>:posure no 62 taken at 1/250 at 90° with abo ut a 20° yaw right and there again that was the in near Cape Rhir near Agadir and the commen is that I had to make on this one are that there are three po in ts going down this same general land mass that are neither one a great deal more distinctive th an the [PAGE 142] 137 Qt I Df sl1\AJ other In fact the one that is the most distinctive from quite a distance out is Cape Sim near Osaweira It is a lot brighter lighter colored sand and is more distinctive than Cape Rhir However once you learn the place Cape Rhir becomes a little more distinctive when you learn what to look for because Cape Rhir is at the edge of the mountains and just to the southeast of Cape Rhir there is a river and a valley a big wide green valley which travels up to the east along the ed ge of the mountains When you once learn to look for it this river and valley are quite a give away because look just to the left of it and that's Cape Rhir I think prob ably it is the most distinctive of these three The three points that sh ow up immediately from perhaps 800- -1000 miles out are Cape Hodad and Cape Sim and Cape Rhir You can see all three little points sticking out there Neither one of which are particularly more distinct except this Cape Sim has brighter colored sand and begins to show up a little more distinctive but once you learn where the land marks are these mountains and valleys near Agadir give away Cape Rhir I believe it is the best landmark- in that immediate area I not sure that [PAGE 143] 138 FCSD Rep I agree incidentally on all the Apollo landmar ks lan dmarks we ve got here I not sure I agree in general with any of the Apollo landma rks that they havp I think there are lots more distinctive and mark fea tures around the country I think that their idea of selecting a point of lan down in the water is good but I think that there are numerous places around the world where say a large river comes out and intersects with the ocean naybe at a point at a point in a river and things this type would be even more distinctive or an inter ection of a river and the ocean or an intersection of something in the type of causeways i Miami or the causeways here at the ape where the;r cross the water with a very prominent water landma:~k They ll give you a very accurate telescopic poin- to sight on whereas the particular points of lancl that they have selected are not rea lly accurate type sighting points for real accuracy I don feel They're easonably distinctive but I don thin any- ear a distinctive as a lot of other areas around the country that could be selected Okay why don you look through these things he and see if there is anything there that you haven covere €ewf l~if pl,O fl [PAGE 144] 139 Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper Cooper Okay let see going down on the Operational Chec ks Acquisition That's Apollo Landmarks All right the--I think to find these landmark things of this type one thing that I fe el pretty strongly that you really need is a platform You need a platform to operate from You need pointing something to give you pointing information Now you can find it a ppr oximat ely ith th pla form off an by knowing about what BEF or SEF are and by yawing approximately so many degrees knowing what time to look for it approximat ely what degrees to pitch down Chances are if it is fairly dis tinctive you are going to find it But for certainly very accurate acquisition you certainly need a platform up and some accurate pointing information then you rea ly got it pinned We tried it both ways and there is no comparison If you really want to make sure you get on a target if you ve got a time and a the time you are at this time then the pitch angle and the yaw angle to be at boy you just can miss it If you go to those angles just a few seconds ahead of time and set right there and as you come up on the time [PAGE 145] 140 there he point is right there You just don't miss it Up dating of course you got to keep these times updated as you epending on your eph emeri and how you are sliding around on your original time Ours fortunately was just right on the money practically the who mission fairly late in the program we began to de cay enough that we were changing times fairly significantly but the we ath er is the biggest factor of all Of course if he weather is bad in the area you do get it You just don get the arge I it exists hum idi ty ike you find along the West Coast of he Unite States then you aren going to get it a lthough some places out there like the po in by Sa nta Barb ara and Point A rgue lla and some of those poin·~s even in spite of fog and haze almost i nvariably Bhow up The se are the kind of thi ngs that should be ta ken int cons ide ra tion The weather is pr obably he biggest factor on whether you ar going to get a point or not Sun angle is not so importcnt as weather although it definitely is a factc,r in that very early or very late the sun angles ree.lly ten to cut down the visibility particularly if you have the addition of humidity in the air If you have OMF fD [PAGE 146] 141 the addition of humidity in the air If you have high humidity and then low sun angles you are out of luck If it is a very dry humidity the low sun angles don hurt you nearly so much The sightings there again the ease of which you are going to get your sightings done get on to them and get them spotted and so on i going to be dependent on the landmark itself Those of them that we got I think are certainly reasonably landmarks although some of the confusion things can be Con rad I just found out why the whip antenna didn't go up It as my fault Cooper Why is that Conrad Because I powered down the common contro bus Remember I turned off all squib batteries to save batteries later Cooper You didn turn those off till later Conrad Well I know I didn but I pr obably turned them of before we ran the antenna up though or tried to I not really sure Cooper I don think so Conrad Well don't mind that If it comes out well that was the reason Cooper I remember when you powered those down We had [PAGE 147] 142 Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper FCSD Rep ooper already gone through all the sequences everything by then Okay let's see Designated targets I think you have covered that pretty much Yes a ll the targets The targets that they have designated versus what Yes Okay well the designated targets There are some al ternate targets right in the are1:.s here that I ve already mentioned I mentioned a uple of cases there that could possibly be bettnr targets than the ones that they selected although there is nothing wrong particularly with thr ones that they selec ted I personally li ked a little bit better than on target 212 or Sequence 212 this point of land I thought a little more distinctive was the point of land that came out of a itt town ca lled San Pedro just north of there on the same lake That spmething to consider It a point of land that is quite distinct because it is fairly heavy A big mountain sort of ame right down into the lake and dropped off into it and it was quite a ro minent point of land is very sh ear and precise whereas it is a i tle bigger point Although from a great distanc farther out [PAGE 148] the point they had might have proved to be better Maps Boy we ran the gamut on them but in general the Apollo maps we got were just stinking They were lousy and they didn give you any lead-ins to where you were trying to find these things and if it hadn been for Harry KazU1DA map over there and our regular orbital map we never would have be gun to have found these places We couldn't have possibly told where th ey were And the Apollo maps that they have on here these colored lithograph types gizmoes things are just worthless They are not worth the powder to blow them up with There are several real typical examples of why these maps are so bad For instance right here just on the better map of the group they have the Canary Islands but they don't even have all of the islands in the group The island that you pick is sitting way up here at the corner of the map and you don know what's leading you into there or whether there maybe another island just right by that one You need a bigger scale map like this one That was a little too big a scale perhaps really but that the kind of map you need to really point out what you need coming into it and omewhat of a more reasonable [PAGE 149] 144 picture I thin the rime example we ad of any iffi ulty in map lo ca ion was not on the Apo ll maps themse lve but i is exact the sru ne kind of thing What was that one that had the li tle i lan Conrad Lake Depoopo ooper No no It had one tiny i ttle i sland right off he coa st and it wasn't on the Apollo mapB It was the- Conrad It was a That was that thing of rE zil hat's a ll it was It was a chart of water with an i sl and in the middle of it It turned out that right at the edge of the char was ano ther island We to ok the wrong island first because heck it loo ked ike there wasn another is lan Conrad I'm just making this commen beca se it will apply to the Apollo ma making as well and this as an idea example of how really screw someb ody up Cooper We a so got another is and right up there We got it and we were sai ing along thinking that wa a good shot we made of that island and we foo ked down and I said Hey lo ok down there What that Th at another one I swung over on it and he said Let's get it too So we discovered [PAGE 150] FCSD Rep Cooper 145 E~PID[NflAL that it was the one It was just by accident that we got the right one Okay Detail--which of these do you think would be best I think you covered some of this Well I think that coastline is the best distinctive features on a coastline Next best are rivers and mountains Probably if you can have combinati ons of the rivers mountains and coastlines these are quite good A river running into a coastline and into the sea I think is a real excellent one Very good And roads -boy there is just no getting around it that roads make an excellent landmark area They really show up And a road in the right area where it is contrasty will really show up for a long long way away like a white concrete road and darker background a dark green background really shows And then I guess cities show up probably the least of anything They tend to have enough vegetation and foliage and everything and they kind of blend in They don't real show Lakes are excellent landmarks Airports are not as good as lakes and things of this type Airports tend to blend in a little bit L~t•s see color contrast--I've already covered that Readability [PAGE 151] FCSD Rep Anything at night Cooper Coastline On a clear ni ght boy the best thing that will show up is coastline The grnatest light contrast is between your water and and FCSD Rep Okay I think that enough on that Ca bin Li gh tin Surve Cooper I ll let Pete comment on that one Co nr ad Well it was very straightforward and we didn't get very many of them mainly because WE wound up in drifting flight We took the measurements as advertised ex cept there is one little li tch in the thing They wanted you to take a light measurement out the window and they wanted you to c.o it in either the heads up or heads down In doi ng th i that said the horizon was in front of ycu Now the light meter reading loo ing at the black sk just above the horizon in the daytime which was the total sky was usually a number around 11 But looking at the earth or just below the horizon the meter reading was about 15 So I al ways recorded two readings the reading for the horizon and the black sky because I didn't really know which one you wanted With the spot meter the thing just turned out that way Okay we made one at 01+23+10 Gordo [PAGE 152] 147 -GQMEilQEt{l:1 AI made one at 05+04+30+00 I made another one at 03+01+45+00 and we had another one at 04+22+40+00 Out of those two of them were in drifting flight and the other two were heads-up And I had this recording that 11 was equal to black sky and 16.8 was normally representative of earth background That was it It was straightforward SPADATS Tracking Check Conrad did it We did it by turning our beacon on so they could just track us but we of course didn't get into it with the REP thing The SPADATS thing actually was supposed to take place during the REP operation and it didn But we did turn on our beacon so SPADATS could track us one time over this Willia.mtown site or wherever it was That's all there was to it so there was nothing to- UHF Antenna Pattern Test Conrad Now these UHF antenna pattern tests were done just as written in the book and the data is recorded Do you want it FCSD Rep Why don you read it out Co nr ad Okay We did a UHF sequence 03 at 01+10+44+25 and the angles were We did a sequence 01 at 02+13+47+05 and the angles were 90° and [PAGE 153] 148 eOt Fll'f fqTIJ(t 14° left We did an 02+15+21+19 sequence 02 and the angles were rol left 132° and they were done as advertized FCSD Rep How abo ut any updating on that Conrad No they just sent i up and said to do it and these were the angles they wanted They set this up for us to do 9,5 Thruster Illuminat i on Checks onrad Never did it We were supposed to do it the beginn ing of the first night or something like that and it was in a sleep period time and we were tired and we didn do it After that we got into either a power down or drifting situation where we were un able to do it so it was never done during the flight 9.6 Dual Comman Transmi tter Test Conrad That was never done That had to do with th REP too if I remember right I think it was DCS light esets I think what they were try ing to do was to i nd out if our radar was on They sent DCS commartds and we were transmitting or some thing what could happen--We never got into that test 9,7 Ra dar Te sts onrad Okay Test short range boresight spacecraft on REP no problem We never got time to get into the 00 FtDf fi~T lA [PAGE 154] 149 cONEIDftsl!IAL rest of it We never got more than a mile from him so we got that 3000 foot transient but we never got the 30,000 What was the transient at 3000 feet like Do you remember Gordo On radar when the REP went farther than 3000 feet I don't think there was any transient to speak of Cooper I didn't notice any particular transient or any noticeable one at all I was looking for it Conrad Yeah We did the Cooper I had it damped pretty well Conrad We never did get the radar to run for hours so we didn get test test no correlation between range and range rate display and visual observations at short range they all worked very well Test we observed the normal transients that you'd expect just as advertised on here and I also noticed that the lock on light cycled on and off on and off when I was in a standby mode after warmup Radar test stand by to ON you have to get Gordo on that Conrad Test We dashed over there the first time and as soon as we were within about 260 to 270 miles the radar locked up on 248,66 miles I got the first digital readout on address 69 and it read down to [PAGE 155] 150 Con rad HF Evaluat i on Con rad Cooper some 160 miles I read the numbers out over the air I not sure that they aren't on ape too The tape hadn't run out then Then we tracked back out again and it pointed ri ght to his ILA area here at the Cape when we had the needles centered Gordo was tracking on the needles and it seemed to work real well We are rea ll impressed with it As you know we got it to lo ck on the REP everytime after that over the Cape but we never g~t the range to read right I don't know whether that was a ra dar rob lem or a computer rob lem At that time the voice recorder was working on the first te st and I th i nk there is some in rmation on the tape HF evaluation test number We transmi ted all the way around the worl Then we gave i number because it was keeping the other As trona ut awake Then we did the other HF transmission test which was is ten We did hear Hawaii for awhile going away from them and coming back in That was a ridiculous test anyway [PAGE 156] 151 Cooper HF when they were playing music It dropped out when we heard it and we'd transmit once in a while to them and they heard us It worked real well £0Mftf>EMflAL [PAGE 157] 152 10 VISUAL SIGHTINGS 10.1 Powe red Fli ht Con rad We everything wa.s straightforward up mtil Fairing Jet We told you about the problems we had at Fairing Jet We want to take a loo that Coop er I didn see anything- Conrad I did see the horizon come into vi ew at 1.bout 60° Coop er Yes I saw it just as we began to stage ver I ooked out over your window Conrad That right Right after staging in guidance ini tiate it ca.me down to about 80° on he horizon and man it looked great out there Cooper And the only thing that I noticed at SEG was a lot of debris Conr ad Oh yes it was stuff all over everywhere About the funniest thing of all was Cooper Snow a ll over the who le area Conrad Ye and just all sorts of litteri ng pieces of th i that and the other thing Cooper Pieces and bits Conrad Then a.11 these washers and goodies started floating a.round in the spacecraft but the ll as the washer floating along Coop er That a three or four orbits later He t:'e we are [PAGE 158] 153 Qt~OOit I IIAI whipping a lon at 17 000 miles an hour or so and I lo oked out and here's that washer floating right in front of my window It sa out there and floated around a while I pointed it out to Pete and he got over and lo oked at it and it flo ated on around and finally it just was drifting on off Fin a lly it disappeared And about an hour ater a bolt came off 10 Orbital Flight Conrad We didn't see our own booster We were too busy We sta rted the fli ght plan righ away and we never turned ar ound to look at it Co oper We never turned around to look at it Co nrad We sure as heck saw the REP Cooper We saw the REP and saw the REP and saw the REP Conrad We saw the REP bl anket too Cooper The REP blanket I think we mentioned before but the REP bl anket someway or oth er got between us and the REP This means that the REP either went through it or tumbled over it because the blanket was be tween us and the REP Man-made objects in orbit Let's see booster REP- Conrad Okay now that sate llit ooper Satellites We never sa any of the scheduled ones [PAGE 159] 154 Conrad We never saw any of the scheduled ones but you ve got to have the platform to see them They gave us angles li ke pitch 82° and yaw 45 You're looking at the black sky You haven't any idea of where you're loo king You have to have the pl atform One thing that we did find if their platfo rm point ing at satellites was actual the pointing informa tion they gave us for the ground objects why we wou dn have had any trouble finding them Cooper Th pointing information that we got from the groun was exce ll ent Conrad We hacked that time on the second and we were really pointed with the platform up and we were loo king right down the pipe at whatever it was that they were wanting us to look at The only reason we didn't see it is we couldn't make it out But we were ooking at it Cooper Satellites--There was only one time when Pete and I thought we saw something and we didn't have time to identify it We were in drifting flight and we never could identify it I don even know if it was a satellite So many things are going by when you're drifting that it's difficult to say Geo graphical--We saw millions of geographical details [PAGE 160] 155 ES fJ tlDEt TIA rivers lakes oceans Conr ad I think all of that will come out in the experiments too We saw all kinds Coop er Towns airports railroads roads and al that stuff Conrad Airplanes Cooper Airp-lanes Co nrad Anything you say we saw at least one each Cooper I finally saw one and I nearly busted my rear end oing it Conrad I saw the carrier I saw an airliner I saw con trails I saw individual houses up in Tibet One thing I didn't see for Gordo was a car Cooper I couldn't find him a car He was sitting over there asleep I turned on the whole control system and turned around to show him one This was the only one I could find during the whole stinking ousy trip Co nrad We saw jus about anything you would expect us to see Co oper But there again I think you've got to have the con tro system to point where you have your windows right to make sight ings You just can't catch them in drifting flight ee~~flOEt'I TIA [PAGE 161] 156 Conrad One day we went past El as and the li gh ting con ditions were just right You rea lly coul ee the in ividual treets in El Paso You could distinguish the str eets but this wasn always true The ight ing conditions had to be right On day we made a pass over the United State and I could th st eets the ai rports th lakes and eve ry pr inci ple town across the United States a ll on one orbit started at Los Angel es went to Phoe nix to Tu cson Abilene White Sands El Paso Cooper You coul see the details down there in Jl ear ake Taylo Lake area--like you er flying over coming in to land onrad Da ll as Na hville emphis Co pe It was clear as a bell Co nrad And when we went right out at Savannah and we were loo king right down the pip at Jac kson ville Flo rida You coul see the bridges and the St Johns ver and everything ooper When we came o~er t~e Ca~e here you could see ev ery one of the launch pads Con rad I should have two 70-mm photograph I guarantee you that I got a 70-mm photogr aph of the Cape one day ike nobody ever took before If i came out eet>tfl0 ENTI [PAGE 162] 157 Cooper Conr ad Coop er Conrad Cooper it was the le arest picture of th Cap Boy that was beautiful You cou see very de tail You could see every causeway and every street everything that rode around the Cape and buildings all over the ape All that was on the same day but it was another orbit Celesti al Gosh we coul see seventh magnitude stars Mercury never had a window Our windows were filthy When we ifted off it just abso lu te unforgiveable how dirty they were Yet there were many times the magnitude of visibi ity the rcury windows were We could see easi seventh magnitude stars Well in Orion we coul see a ll seven stars in the be lt and we could see cl usters down the sid of the le I've never seen those clusters before I hav seen big bl owups of them but you could defini tely see two good size cl usters Cel estia saw a lot of plan ets and we saw the moon under a ll kinds of con dit ion We saw the sun We took Pol aroid testin gs on th sun We ran the Polaroi fi ters at differ ent angles It look to me like the sun has circu ar [PAGE 163] 158 polarization I just can find any line ar defini tion of it When the sun is setting you can get ome linear polarity in a vertical plane but other wise I just can't see anything different one way th an the other I took the filter out and rotated it a number of times I took the whole filt er ou We saw a odiacal light We saw- Co nrad Yes we really did a couple of times --just could ee it where night vision was rig ht We had he lights out in cockpit and everything Boy you coul rea lly Cooper Pet potted an interesting phenomenon th at he po inted out one night that I had never seen before It looked li ke an Aurora It was an Aurora type ight and it was a very bright green It chang ed in colo and was in the airg lo layer It actual changed the height of the airglow below It brightened it abo ve where it but below it it seemed cut it down and make it more definitive Where it wasn't it as kind of fuzzy along there and then where hi glo was the airglow kind of jumped up and was sort of chopped off very sharpl This wa very bright I don know what it was It was a ppar ent ly some kind of a Aurora effect We saw a lot of meteorite [PAGE 164] in Australia was a good example Two different days it was completely clobbered in where you couldn't see anything on the ground in that imme diate area This point Rhir was clobbered in one day We were going to get an Apollo landmark on it and it was just back in under the clouds in fact And Kano we were going to get a shot of the Kano air field wasn it Conrad Yes that was clobbered Cooper Yes it was clobbered We got right up close to i and there were these low clouds hanging in there just scattered to broken clouds and we couldn't see Conrad Actually on the stuff most of the time the experimenters were up on what was clobbe red and they didn't even bother to give it to us or if they gave it to us it became clobbered before we got there They usually were able to tell us that it was going to be clobbered and then many times they gave us that the weather was pretty good but there's three tenths cloud coverage so you may or may not It didn't bother us too much around the coastal regions [PAGE 165] [PAGE 166] 159 A Cooper Clo ud Cove rag We had var ied cloud coverage hroughout the fligh onrad Boy I think we saw every phenomenon you could think of ith he clouds ooper Just abo ut eve ry hing you could ink of We saw typhoons and hurrican es and Conrad saw we ll defined eyes in thes tropical storms and th ers ith out it such ci rr us cover ha you couldn define an eye We saw some of the most fan ast i thun der orms we have ever seen Co oper We saw hund reds and hundr eds and hundreds of ile of ememdo us big thunder storm lines wi th squal lines going across it onrad ear Sout Ame rica Coop er ad at times as man as 15 to 20 thunderstorms that were lighting up all at the same time Conrad I think I have some good 16 mm camera coverage of he thunderstorm lightning at night Co oper And these are--then we saw then we had great expanses over the same areas of excel len weather le ar wea ther We saw a lot of dust storms [PAGE 167] 159 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 0~4'1Dcl~TIM in Arabia and Af rica Yes You could see those desert storms real clear ly The ind picking up and moving the sand al ong Ot her ays we saw the same areas just as clear with no wind Be au iful weather It was interesting in those deserts to notice that you could really pick up the prevailing wind rails Yes You know from the sand flow The way the sand dunes were- And which as I sort of remember back omewhere there was a lot of explanation about how the whole desert moves you know and you could ally see these grea mean for a hundred miles hundreds of miles you could pick out hes gr at obvi ous prevailing ind tracks in he sand that just stretched for hundr eds of mi les Yes And again his was in gypt and south of Egypt down in ha area We ll you could actua lly ee by the oud format ion--was odd to The hing I noticed was [PAGE 168] Co oper FCSD Rep Co oper FCSD ep 159 you really could see the lower altitude revailing winds in the cirrus clo uds or the lo er al titude stratus type cloud you all aro und and you really could see the wind pat tern and one thing that eal im pr es se me was the on cloud formations low altitude cloud forma ti ons--up in the Himalayan ar eas how hat stratus type cloud wou ld hang- would just completely define the land shape You see it hang in the valleys and swirl right down in the valleys and you'd see where the peaks were i would puff and was qu ite efin itive of the land mass And then coming in off the you could see the preva ilin wind direction in the ow er altitude clou ds You could see the way the wind would come in and you'd get the ind shear her it would hit the mountain peaks coming in off the desert areas there and it ould kick it up over the peak areas Okay Let me ask one question Okay Was the e--as far as good pictures are concerned how many pictures did cloud coverage preven you [PAGE 169] 159 co•lE.-la Eht llAL from getting Cooper Oh well a great many Some areas--well just in general let's just say that some areaB of the country would be completely clobbered in and we'd be traveling over an undercast for great long expanses of hundreds and hundreds of miles an anything that was in there would be- anything do with any areas we desired to photograph in there whether they were specified immediate areas 01 whether they were just general pupose or were not available for photography and ye the next day it might be wide open The Himals yas was an ideal exam le of that too For twc different days we traveled over that you couldr see any of the craters or any of the ice flows or anything due to the clouds You could see just occasional areas and some of the lakee would be open so it was just heavy cloud cover- through there for about a day period and th en it just broke up wide open one day Eut there were a great many areas that there were cloud covered to the point that you could not i nd it For instance the Carnarvon or I should say the woodly side [PAGE 170] r1~Tr~t 159 in Australia was a good example Two different days it was completely clobbered in where you couldn't see anything on the ground in that imme diate area his point Rhir was clobbered in one day We were going to get an Apollo landmark on it and it was just back in under the clouds in fact And Kano we were going to get a shot of the Kano air field wasn't it Conr ad Yes that was clobbered Cooper Yes it was clobbered We got right up close to it and there were these low cl ouds hanging in there just scattered to broken clouds and we couldn't see Conrad Actually on the stuff most of the time the experimenters were up on what was clobbered and they didn even bother to give it to us or if they gave it us it became clobbered before we got there Th ey usua lly were able to tell us that it was go ing be clobbered and then many times they gave us that the weat her was pr etty good but there three tenths cloud coverage so you may or may not It didn't bother us too much around the coastal regions [PAGE 171] 160 Cooper Conrad Coop er Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper he carrier was the one thi ng that it really bothered us on Two different days on the carrier shots doggone it you could se one day- for in stance we saw the carrier wake and- But th sunlighting was such he sunligh tin and the You lose the wak and everything- And then the scatter ed clouds too we re such that you were kind of hunting for him in and aroun the scattered clouds an sunlight angle was low on it and we lost him The day we got him the re ere clouds b~ck there but gee we could see him for 500 miles out and we never lost hem Just the lighting con diti ons were ideal ha day and he was also ut in ind of an open ar ea in he clouds Okay horizo The hori zons were of curse a usual I hink day and night were fairl;r ell defined except as you com into the -as you go in out and out of the terminator Ju st at that riod of time where you going into he i ght or ut of he light through the terminator it a ve uzzy [PAGE 172] 161 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad FCSD Rep ill defined odd area- Yeah looking down the sun Where you have no defined horizon at all It's very--a real messy situation The only thing I noted different about the horizons this time was at one morning at one sunrise when we saw those tremendous thunder heads out clear on the horizon--you remember that Yes Where we saw the horizon well-defined and these great big thunder heads with the handles on them sitting up above the horizon They were those big thunder storms I would guess that those things must have gone well in excess of 50,000 feet probably to be that well defined clear out on the horizon some 12 to 15 hundred miles away you could see that profile of them Do you have any thing more on horizons No One thing we might mention here while we're talking aoout these thunderstorms you mentioned before the ighting in the spacecraft from this lightning [PAGE 173] 162 Conrad Yes the lightning was bright enough io light the shingles on the spacecraft Cooper You--the whole spacecraft could be li You would even through the polaroid windows- -with the polaroid windows down full dark,some of these cig thunder storms were lighting the whole thing Conrad Well I tell you we saw some lightning like I just never dreamed existed I mean the lightning bolts must have covered a hundred miles Cooper In general in this lightning- Conrad Cloud to cloud Cooper In the clouds in this lightning in general,these clouds light up like they were a big puff of co tt on with a light bulb inside and the whole thing just lights up But Pete md I both sa several cases where we would see a thunderst0rm a ittle ways out in the distance and I actually saw air to ground lightning bolts come right out of the clouds and right down just 11 cho Conrad here was one storm we looked at for 1em in the daytime where we saw air to ground lig 1tning in the daytime- Cooper saw lightning go all the way from he edge of e!O l'I 10 E~ITIA [PAGE 174] 163 EiO Ftl?>et TIAt FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Conrad this big black cloud right down to the ground Very clear Another thing that was different that I noted that was a little different than the usual type of the whole big mass of clouds lighting up one long series of thunderstorms I noticed where there was horizontal kind of a chain--horizontal lightning going over and you'd see it sort of travel along horizontally through the clouds like it was moving from cloud to cloud rather than from cloud to ground Okay thruster firing You could see every thruster on the spacecraft fire in the middle of he night you could see the glow from it These aft firing thrusters too I don't know I was just trying to think about the aft firing ones and we were so busy everyt ime we fired the that I wasn't aware of them I don't know We had the lights up in the cockpit when we were firing the af -firing because we were busy- It unfair to say without pulling the test you see because when we were firing the aft firing [PAGE 175] 164 Cooper Co oper Con ad FCSD Rep Cooper FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Conrad Coo per thrusters we were also firing attitude thrusters and the attitude thrusters you could see all of them I don't know whether you ee the glo..;- off the af firing thruste or not You certainly can feel em firing You can hear them fire It's not annoying or anything Somewhere we ought to say here you said you could hear all the thrusters firing Every one of them Now this is with the helmet on or off Off Off How about with it on at separation I bad the impression tbat at separati)n tbat I could hear them firing The aft thrunters with the helmet on and tbat is Yes I did too Simply bec a use everybody said they co ldn hear the I thought I could hear the [PAGE 176] 165 Conrad Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper Conrad Cooper Con ad Coo er Conrad Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper onrad Co pe There's no doubt in your mind that they are firing Yes I think it almost more a matter of- Did you fire hem before you separated We fired them just as we separated We hit SEP the spacecraft just as we-- Gordo counted them down SEP and I hit the SEP button and I don't know when he started firing I fired just as you hit SEP Yes We came out clean as a whistle I'll tell you that boy We fired at the same second that we hit SEP There wasn't any pitch or yaw of anything -we just separated as smooth as a bell And what I did I--we held that on in there in direct and then switched over to rate command then a coup le to seconds later Okay how about the--why don't you describe the plumes a little bit here on the different thrusters and what you saw Okay Well the only really- You don see any plumes You don't see any plumes off the OAMS and all you do is ge the glow from them back there you see CO EIDE 4TIAL [PAGE 177] 166 the glow as they fire onrad And it is pure whi te ooper And Conrad My recollection of i --like white li€·ht glowing Co oper Of the RCS Plume Conrad No of he OAMS Cooper Oh yes he OAMS he RCS had a lit tle bit of a golden color to them onrad Yes Cooper And- Conrad Plus you see on he RCS hrusters you see lit tle bits of pieces of ablative material c)ming out like carbon Cooper Yes Right he RCS plumes te nd to come out of th nozzle with a little bit of an expansion rat and then just to come ut in almost a column that doesn't change much It just increases in si onrad Yes I was surprised ha it didn't expand out this way ooper Yes I th ought it wo uld expand out Conrad But it just ent straight up ooper I very much tho ught it oul fan comp letely out [PAGE 178] 167 t:IDfMflAL onrad Like a nice candle flame ooper It just goes up in just a contained column almost in fact the column appeared me to be no bigger around han hat saucer onrad ha right if it was that round ooper So me to inches maybe in diameter at the mos and just went right ra ight up for a period distance of about to feet I guess here it faded something like hat onrad I didn't really think it ent that high I really didn't think the thing stuck up more han about a foot That i was visible light that wo uld bo the you Co oper Well it ould bo ther you but I could actually detect wh en they would fire I could actually see from the pitch do wn-- I could see ha going almost to the op of the window on so meth ing on the order of about a foot dent where you could see any line a all I'm ta king about here it fades you lm ow completely And it's ac ually only a coupl of feet out from where the li ght is ea lly bright onrad The hing that I thoug ht of when first I ev er co~~FIDEt~TJM [PAGE 179] 168 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Con rad QfqflDEt TIAL saw one fire was one of these 4th of uly fire cracker stand-up type bombs that you light the fuse you know and the thing sort of like he Roman candle--it sort of spits out flame and a few sparks you know and then Yes that's right hat really did it And the other thing is that everybody's been talking abo ut how bright they were at night and maybe again I was geared to see in the really really brilliant light I didn really think hey ere that bright--now hey do disrupt night vision and they did disrupt he horizon but they.'re not that brignt Well of course you ve got to recogniz too that we saw them under diffe ren conditions an the fact ha we ere expecting em to be very bright and we bad cabin ligh ing up full bright Yes And they were by comparison with the full bright cabin lighting they were not as brigh as we expected We also went around though with the lie;hts on red there when we were alone and you were firing only I CO~'4FIDEt [PAGE 180] in PULSE Co oper That's right We actually only bad it in PULSE Con rad And really what it is--as a matter of fact firing in PULSE and everything --yo could always keep the 9rizon in sight Coop er You could keep the horizon in sight and we had the red lights on and only we didn't have them down dim and firing just in pu lse you co ul hold the attitude visually very well ut when yo go into any amount of RCS thruster firing you ve lost the horizon Conrad Yes Cooper Okay One thing we have here on thrust er firing both attitude and translation I think we cove red att itude pretty well I think our OAMS was a very good attitude system to begin with I think it was gradually degrading as the flight went on Getti ng worse and worse and worse and mushier and sloppier so it was not fai to evaluate it later on in the flight because it was pretty miserable But the RCS attitude was beautiful It was real ly good It was crisp and real precise and just a real pleasure to fly Translati we [PAGE 181] 170 Conrad Cooper Conrad CO t~fHID Et TIA used all the translation thrusters on one little splurt of it on the forward i other words the forward firing thruster the smal forward firing thruster but they were all very very positive and you got very def i nite die1 i nct action out of them And you really a feeling of real acce eration out of those aft i i ng ones I thought I felt i ke you really were really had a big afterburner li off hen yo lit those things Yeah man I would have liked to have some more inds to mess around-like turn off thruster 10 or something like that and burn a co upl of feet on one thruster because i the i mulator you can't hold it in Rate Command I think you probably can in the actual spacecraft Wel I don know whether you can or an bu hink that the iffe rence between thruster ope rat ion and thruster operation is goin to be app arent to you just like that and the3e guys i F0D are making this big deal about 1aving to burn after separation from the booster and maybe only have one thruster or anything and I think anybody who has flown that thing once going I [PAGE 182] Cooper Conrad Co op er Conrad FCSD REP Conr ad Cooper FCSD REP Cooper Conrad Cooper FCSD REP 171 to have a good feel for whether he has two aft i re thrusters or one because boy with those aft i i ng thruster are firing you're just like you re flying an airplane and you put the throttle to it You real ly feel i You rea lly feel it Yes it's really got accelera tion And you can hear i it was th at high speed water jet type sound it wasn an explosive sound or a oar or anything like that I was more of a i swishing sound More like a big hose Like a couple of bi hoses firing back there Okay you say you did fire the forward firing you checked out the forward firing Just a bleep Right What did you see here Oh man You really see he flames off that Yes well you don I don't rea lly think you really see the flames but it throws a gre a deal more light It's a i ght rath er than flames light mo re than flam es Could you see a dist in ct plume [PAGE 183] 172 Conrad Coo er Cooper Conrad Cooper Co nrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 10 Reentr Conrad COl-4FIDE~~TIAL No No not a plume as such but just it rei ally lit up You got a lot of lighting from it Much more so than ou did the- It was distinc ive enough that it really made an impression on us Let see the side irin was really the thing that surpr i i ng about the side firing a ust as you might anticipate if you really stop ar.d thought about it but you don get this in the trainer or any hing when you fire a side thrust A side thrust- Yes that was really weir You really could feel that It fired down then up then left and right then you raise up in the seat or you slide down in the seat or you go left in the cockpit or righ in the cockpit You know that you real going to do this and you- And you can see all the debris and evecything coming hrough swish es everything star ts going sidew a ys And it pretty funny Okay we re at paragTaph 10 reentry Number adapte separation No doubt Yes there was no doubt bu here agai 11 one of those FIDEblTIAL [PAGE 184] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 173 things where both Gus and John and Jim and Ed said Man that thing really went out there with this horrendous bang and I was really spring loaded I was waiting for a 16 inch gun to go off in my ear and therefore there was no doubt that it fired and there was no doubt that it left but I didn think it was that loud- but then again I think it's what you're anticipating and they had both said that they got quite a I think there again you and I were keyed up to i being a tremendous explosion when it went off But there no doubt about it that it is loud There is no doubt about it it's loud and it really gives you an acceleration--a delta acceler a tion I actually heard SEP ELEC and SEP OAMS lines squibs and I don know whether you want to say whether we felt them or heard them fire but we could hear a definite kerplunk kerplunk back there when you push both of them not loud-- Just like the trainer I think the trainer is very realistic of those sounds Yes the traine is very realistic And the trainer sound is really pretty realistic EO~~FIOEt.'4Ii.L [PAGE 185] 174 e@NnDEf~TIAL Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad of the adapter sep now I think they're all three fairly realistic of the ra iner And now in adapter sep you get a little accele ation force wi th it and you feel that You real ly feel that- ell it shudders the whole thing as you come of as you separate And re ofire to me w~s a big surprise I was a bi surprise to me too I remember in Mercury tha.t everybody had differen feelings on what retrofire felt like a I didn't eel that they were that distinct i ve or th~t great a all in my previous flight but in this one I felt like we were on the front of Stapp rocket sled Yes Everyone th at fire We were pretty sensative by this po int days of weightlessness I fel to me like we were just hanging on the Yes Gordo said he thought we wound up going in the other direction and I had the de ided foeling that we pitched up and did a loop everytime one of them [PAGE 186] 175 fired I had the feeling that we pitched up another 30 degrees and went streaming up that way you know and the another one would ire and I really thought we we re going around a big circle That was my physical sensations although the gages said we were right on the money But all through retrofire thos darn re tros did not over lap Cooper That right They didn Number Conrad spe cially and As a a tte a fact there was enough of a de lay- [PAGE 187] 176 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper et go thro ugh these now Number fi red exact ly on time Boy right on the money with I'R were righ on the money Every clock we had in the sp a cecraft was just reading right when it fired No delay or anything anywhere Just beautiful Number was still firing wh en number started to fire That correct And there was no off-set whatsoever from number and number hat's right Then number had finished firing for a definite delta time period before number fired That right Then number fired and had an offset to the left to the le ft--ye to our left which was not bad and I think they had times that am::runt of off set it had and still hold it with th RCS no with the rate command No problem at all No doubt in your mind You were way more han over powering You must keep it glued right here But then number finished firing and then there was an even greater delta time [PAGE 188] 177 Conrad Cooper Conrad FC SD Rep Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Coop er FC SD Rep ooper Conrad That was a period of time that I Before number I thought we weren't going to get number What would you estimate the time Well I'd say it would have been a full second Boy I think it was at least a full second Time up there is going to seem like- Time yes I may have been shorter than that- but there was a definite delay I sure that our time sensing mechanism was overly tweaked at that period of time and we probably were overly sensitive to it but ther was no doubt I don't believe there was any doubt and we both arrived at this conclusion independe tly too- that number came in at the right sequence on number and then there was a short delta time and then number fired and then a longer delta time and number fired kay how about the visual sightings dur i ng th i Ma.n We were I FR completely the cockpit lights up full white pitch black and [PAGE 189] 178 Cooper And the whole window area was completel;r obli ter ated by flames When the retros go off you're just in a big barrel of flames--because the who thing is just covered by flames Conrad I wasn't even aware of that I didn't Ven I have said that we didn see any flume at all Cooper Well we had everything at full bright- Conrad I guess I had my eyes locked on the instruments Cooper Well I did too but I also was going to look and see what it looked like out the window ther and I noted that everytime one of them went off you got tr emendous flame coverage which surprised because I didn I think you wo uld I thc ught maybe you'd see the glow from it but I lad a distinct feeling that the whole- that tl:.e whole flame expanded to the point where you felt like it maybe you just felt like it was so right it just lit up th outside that much but I had a distinct feeling that you really had flam es all over when they went off Conrad Real ly that the high light of the flight in my mind is going down through that- wa tching that TR clock count down and going through TR [PAGE 190] minute to TR+ 45 seconds th rought retro jet You know seeing that sequential system go am everything work- jus like it was supposed to and the checkoff list go and everything B())y we were really pring ade on that Cooper I know Pete had made some comment Well things have continued to fail and I just hope that is one that doesn Conrad I had lost faith in sequential systems omewhere alon th way We had all the emergency systems out though and we were ready to fire it any way we had to Cooper Yes we had gone through our little emergency retrofire and our emergency SEP ADAPT an all this We were all set to go on those and I think we'd have been in re a good shape even if they ha dn occured Retro pack jettison Conrad Straightforward Cooper held retro attitude waited on the light armed thereto jet and when the light came on Pete toggled them and off they went 11 KapJunk 11 They sounded just like in the simulator Conrad Again we didn't see anything It was pitch black Had cockpit lights up full whi te FCSD REP No you turned around and you saw it burn ing up CiQ~4fiOD~TlA i [PAGE 191] 80 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad No No After we During us but I started reente ing we th reent and it was way way behind did see it now I say the retro pa ck it could have been the adap er burning up I don know which one it was because it was so far behind There was some object way behind It was some object a large object ree tering behind but it must have bee r--wha would you say or 10 miles maybe Oh yes I was way up the path I'd guess a good or 10 miles And it was up in the--let see I was upside down and it would have been coming eads up it would have been in the upper left hand lide I other words it was reentering to our south and above us It was entering on the south side of the orbit and it was sl i ghtly above our en ry and you could see our trail clear back to it You could see our plasma jet went way way back there I [PAGE 192] EOMFtDEl-~Tt~l don't know what it was whether it a smoke or what it wasn't fla.rne you could definitely see it trailing right along side our trail just like we were leaving a con Cooper Yes you could see our con--it was kind of a light color I wouldn't say it was a flame color--it was kind of a light color comp a red to everything else Conrad We were looking at this in relation to what nobody else hadseen it to We were still looking at this down sun relatively nebulous horizon that you have We were looking at it urselves a trail ba ck there in the terminator Cooper Into the dark Conrad Yes And that another thing A very important point here- no kidding sa ying this pa ec raft's i unl i gh doesn't mean anything That ani ht retrofire And we didn't have a definable horizon to fly on until we crossed the Mississippi River Th at way in the heck down the pipe on retrofire because that terminator is nothing Cooper One thing I like to add here really think a of us alw ay sw ea t~d night re rofire an it a a pi ce of cake [PAGE 193] 182 Conrad Cooper FCSD REP Cooper Co nrad Cooper Conrad It real ly was However if you don have full instrunHmt panel I recommend you forget it Because i you don have an ball and rate gyros and a clarn good rate da.mping well that not true if you've got an ball and a te gy ro then you could fir them just as well in Jirect system as well as Rate Comman although think you could hcndle them in direct with no pr obl em Do you think you nee both the rate gyrcs and the platform I do Yes I would strongly recommend that for a night re tro you not try them on purely rate gyros becau se you just even the little And the reason- The CS a ttitude sy st em disrupts your night vision so much out there that getting all squa away for i ust a bout the i you I re getting right in to retro attitude there if you have to f:ire a thruster or two you completely lose you attitude- I thi nk the other big thing is th a that is absolutely the world biggest vertigo gi ver because you ar really sens it ive and when those retros go off if you don hav 11 the whole smear of 00MFIOE~~TIA [PAGE 194] 183 Cooper Co nrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Conrad instruments -like I said I was watching the i nstruments and they were sitting right dead center ordo had th at hing pitched down 30 degrees and we didn hardly over degree off that darn retro attitude.,and I a convinced we were doing a loop- even watching the gages That is the worst set of vertigo that I ever had in my life And I had the dis inct feeling that I had just lit off the biggest after-burner I ever haa a h0~d of and was going back straight west juat as hard as I could hold on That's exactly the feeling And everyone of them had fired Yes Yes All over again and I really if you were doing it on just rate needle well doing it on rate needles wouldn't be as bad as doing it just on the ball without rate needles Listen boy doing it just on the ball -that just bad news I always felt ven in the trainer hat bad news fil I AL [PAGE 195] 184 Cooper We I don't know You could do it on the ball I ink if I had my choice between ball and rate needles I rather have the ball Conrad Would you really I'd rather have the ra needles I think because I could understand them even with this crazy sensation where I might try to in erpret the But you see Cooper Bu you see our ra ne edles never ven- ured off the middle We never go a rate on the rate needles Conrad Yes well that fine hen you know yo·1 re staying right where you want to be Cooper And the ball to me the ball i the real good i ndicat If you keep your rates down zero you still cou actually get off slightly in attitude and still have almost you know essenti ally negligible ra es Conrad I hink the point is it it pretty co mforting to have a whole bag of instruments Cooper Ye i sure is Conrad I not saying i can be done but rea ly there was no sweat on night re rofire Gordo ri 15 ht about that I mean we went through that turned the lights up bright- matter of fact it's just likn you're back in he si mulator lrl9i [PAGE 196] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 185 Li ke doing it in the imulato Until re ros fired When they fire it's quite a sensa tio But we ent cl ar to 400K --we we nt almos he 14 minutes befo re we had a horizon We had th groun in si ht pr evious to this Well not mu ch previous to this But we were looking at that sc ewy gray Well I 11 tell you we fired them at Ha aii and White Sands wa th first thing I aw com in out of the termina to and that looking straight down It as till black igh be hind Wh i ands an no horiz on lo oki ng at the nose But loo ing straight down White Sands as the first thing I saw We still had a ra the nebulous horizon about 45 degrees out the window when crossed the Mississippi River I had the decided feeling that we were right on he east coast but by this time the pl a sma as so bad th a I couldn really tel I had the decided fe el ing that we were crossing in to the Atlanti Oce an by th time that we had a full horizon out there Well now I think our windo ws on this fligh was [PAGE 197] really ple ased I think our windows w~re rea stayed re ative cl ean We built up a slight coating on them or something onrad I think everything we built up on them was on there at the beginning Cooper ut most of it was there to begin with ur windows were much better than ercu::-y The re asn't even any compa rison Th thingn you coul see out of them were just fantastic re going have to crank up the pl anetarium stars much higher in fact because we sa so man more stars han we saw at the decreased Mercury va lue in the pl anetarium It was very conf sing which was very pleasing I think it's rea lly groat But even with th i better window de finitio when you crossed the terminator from day to dark or dark to day there's a very decided confusi ng area in there where you have absolute no attitude reference at a ll out the window In fact I tr i ed cou pl of times when we were going through the te i rmina tor to be comp ete blackened down to have li ghts on in the cockpit and nothing to ref ect ut side yet when you crossed the terminator CQ~,FID~f}.~TIAL [PAGE 198] 187 you can see both stars passing under you and the earth passing under you I can't figure how you get all these odd ref ections in there There's a period of time when everything just gets complete jumbled and it's a rea dim gray area there you re going through just for a few seconds where you have abso utely no visua reference at a ll You re doing beautifu ll on a night horizon on the airglow and al of a sudden zunk you're into this cottony i ll -defined mess and you re getting a ll kinds of odd ref ections and a ll kinds of odd ight patterns and then zoom here you suddenl have day reference on the ground That period of time is a very poor time to have to do any kind of out-the window atti tude contro And it obviously is a very confusing ight period because this is what confuses the hori zon scanners oo The times when you do get the when we had that one horizon scanner that was really screwing up It was over sensitive of course and it wou just drop out Every termin a tor we went through it wo uld drop off the line And even our no dr opped off initia ly there a few times going through the terminator You get a few ignores [PAGE 199] 188 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad FCSD Rep going through the terminator Okay r~tro-pack jettison we covered Re entry--our re~ntry was exactly like we had planned it single ring pu se down to 400K At 400K- 400K came on the time that Houston gav us the computer 400K guidance came in wit hin a second or two- The roll bug came in right on the seco Right on the money At 400 then I switched the attitude contro se ector to at Command The RCS Ring came already off and Ring A I took to irect -so it gave me sing ring Direct I flew single ring Direct then on down through the- I think we covered the horizon adequatdy Let's see- Spacecraft was -boy I never even saw- What do you recal on visua sight rings co~~FlllEt~IIM [PAGE 200] 189 onrad Coop er FCSD Rep Conrad Coo per the updated blackout at 16 14 and end of blackout at 21 +20 He updated reverse bank as 19 25 for a bank le 54 a bank ight 68 which was a change of degree from 53 and 67 He gave us drogue at 22 05 and main at 23 +48 That was the at st upd ate quantity after retrofire Okay spacecraft os il ation Could you tell anything visually Man that thin was lik a rock coming in I been hearing about 40 degr ee yaw oscill a tions and the drogue and everything else I we had anything over degrees -maybe it is ju me but I don't think we had anything ov er degre es Let's start farther up in the ree ntry Aft er we got to 280 I was switching back and forth at this point fro at to attitud I ould switch back to rate and when I see we had a little rate build up I tweak it and then back to at tit ude and ho ld my attitude on the attitude needl es Then I wait just a few seconds and switch back to a te and we ak out th little rates se in and go back to a ttitud back and forth in this a shion On single-ring dir ect I had more contr ol autho rity initially [PAGE 201] 190 than I needed I had to be very carefu to just put a little teensy tweak in to damp the rates Later on as we got on down maybe half way through the pulse area the rates beg an to in crease in amplitude and in frequency still was able to handle them very adequately No problem at all on tweaking the rates out on pitch and yaw However at about this eriod of time it began to take so much time switch back and forth from rate to attitude and get the rates damp that I was getting concerned about the math flow guidance in here and making su re I stayed on it At this point then probably half way through or somewhere on down through th atter part of the reentry I just switched over to the ACME position and allowed the RCS rate command damp the rates hen I wouli reach over and check the ra es once in a while to see how it was damping But then I could conc entrate on purely attitude and just fly this same single ring attitude control It left me plent of attitude control Never once when I cheJked the rates were th ra te ne edles ever off zer It [PAGE 202] was just keeping it damp ed to zero -weren firing thrusters too overly ften You could see them fire now and then but it wasn't a great task for them to fire at all I really thought the whole reentry was quite stable and at no time did we have a;ny real oscillations Conrad Somewhere in ther Ring A ran out of fu el But I am almost convinced that- Coo per Well let me say ight here now Pde I way flying the thing Ring A didn't run out of fuel as long as I was flying till had control Now you are talking about down a fter drogue eploy I talking about during reentry ntil th time that we went to ual ring RCS we still had fu el left in Ring A Conrad es I know we did Coo per Okey I just wan ted to make that cl ear on the rec ord Co nrad It ran out som ewhere el ow 65 000 ee ooper Yes by those igur es you got yes terday it looked like we still had fuel in Ring A sometime af er we br ought Ring Bon hich was at 60 000 Right [PAGE 203] 192 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad C:et<tfilf)Et Th at's right You get an idea of how much fuel you use because Ring was tested but never used until below 65 000 feet we shot 80 percent of the el out of it on the drogue So it iB no surprise to me that Ring A ran out of fuel There is no doubt about it that Ring A ua.s still running unl ess somebody shows me otherwise on a traces at least past drogue deploy It was run ning unti at east we got Ring running I really firmly believe based on wha we tried on here and my feeling on the thing you could shoot two or three orbits of attitude control and align ment and the whole smear of rofire ar.d the whole ree ntry and everything on one rin with no problem at all Now let's look at another thing When you are at drogue deploy we were on rate command and there was a high frequency lo amplitude oscillation but it was well outside the at band So those thrusters we nt to steady state firing Yes they did hey were firing full blower all the way trying to damp And they did hey did an excellent [PAGE 204] 193 job of keeping it damped were steady as rock coming in there Coop er Of course this is the way to do it Conrad Th ey were firing all the way and it doesn't surprise me at all that we us ed all that fuel out of Ring But Ring I know wasn't put on until the drogue was out And I know hat Ring had no fuel taken out of it except to test it two orbits bac The re are some 33 pounds in Ring and there was 4.9 oxidizer and 4.6 fuel left in Ring So we shot a lmost 25 pounds of fuel on the drogue Cooper Which is fine You might as well use the fuel up at that point Ther e's no sense in saving it Conrad Again this tells me that up to drogue deployment you might as well take that reentry rate command and throw it away because the pilot i sn't going to acc ept four degrees per second anyhow He is going to d.Q.mp before that So you might as well use the wire for something lse Use rate command and if you fly the reen tri es just like that you've got more than adequate fuel in Ring to poop it away on the drogue and insure [PAGE 205] 194 Cooper FCS Rep Conrad Cooper yourself a nice steady ride We never Jaw a:ny thing that approached over degrees oscillation The nice thing about the contr ol system is that i is a simple matter to switch back an forth between direct and rate command in the uystem that we had set up If you are damping and the damping gets to be oo mu ch of a ask or it gets more than you can damp all you do is switch over to the ACME position on this one witc and i will damp in the rate command In that rate command you have really good damping You might as well have a system that will damp it right down to a gnat eyebrow and the you can switch back into direct concentrate to hat you are doing and switch back and forth if you want to Let's see drogue- Di you get enough of an oscill a tion dw·ing reentry If you looked out the window as there enough trailing you that you could pr obc bly damp by looking at this Wa there any possjbility to do this I don think the spacecraft is that un~table didn have that much oscill a tion [PAGE 206] Co nrad ooper Conrad ooper Conrad Cooper 195 I don't think you have to worry ab out Lt to tell you the truth I really wasn't aware of any oscillations at all Gordo says he was damping For all I know we rode in th ere free He speaks highly of my damping The first tim I rea lly noticed anything was when we got on the drogue and I didn't have a whole lot to do but to look out he window here would have been some oscillation but it would be kind of interesting to ride one down and not damp it to see how it wo ul do I re a lly doubt if you'd get very large amplitudes or very much-- Not until you get down there below a 100 000 I don't think this is true of a rolli ng reentry hat's why we never were in favor of a rolling reentry the simulator the thing goes wild on a rolling reentry But I think a long as you hold a steady bank angle whether i is full left or 90 or whatever you hold I think the thing is re a lly stable It sure felt that way to me It felt to me that it is a good stable vehicle Now at drogue deploy- I very de lib er ately deployed th drogue at 70 000 feet 60 Ft&tt<!T~AL [PAGE 207] 196 Con rad You might put down that I was reading t:1e check list off and I called st Rndby for 70,000 which is our point to put the second ring on HCS rate command and we were going to put Ring Bon I a id stand by for 70,000 and away went the drogue Cooper I reached down uncovered the cover on and punched it out right at 70 I might Hay here that the drogue went out beautifully it squidded a couple of times-- a typical supersonic drogue ash ion No hard squidding Con ad I not sure that it stayed reefed Did it Co oper Yes it did Conrad It did a couple of gyrations up there I wasn't really sure what it was I don think it stayed reefed for 16 seconds Coo per Yes it did It stayed reefed for 16 seconds Con rad It looked to me like it flew out and opened Coo per It came out and opened in the reef condition hat was that squidding you saw I opened in the reef condition and then it squidded bout three times in the reef condition and then dereefed fully opened It was as stable as a roc ce And I fully anticipated some of the lines we §Q±!f lDEt TtAL [PAGE 208] 197 probably booken and I began to look at them Th ey look ed good I decided well it wasn't really any problem even if I had broken the lin es All I had to do was reach up and deploy th emerge ncy main deploy if it departed and we were still in good shape so no problem on it As a matter of fact the combination of when the drogue went out and the RCS lef us as stable as a rock just came righ str a ight down he glide slope and I don't think we had any oscillations of any kind all the way down other than th ese very very minor little higher frequency ones hat felt like vibrations off the drogue lines Conrad here seemed to be mo re interaction between the spacecraft and the drogue lin es than anything else Coop er Right At the time that we came to the main chute when I pickled off the main chute it came out completely straight we didn't oscillate or swing on it at all Conrad Let backup one second he best calculations of m:ic.e and men were completely wrong thoug At 50 we went on with full repress and high [PAGE 209] 198 rate And past 27,000 feet that cabin lndicator hit zero fas~er than you could say Jack Robinson That thing came off the peg and I had to go back to the old procedure of- Cooper Snorkel open up Conrad Snorkel vent open and recirc at 45 deg.eees We didn seal it up again until 2,000 so that didn't work Cooper Then at 10 the altimeter and the barostat light were exactly right together I punched the main and it came out reefed It held rnefed for approximately 12 seconds We were nxactly straight no oscillations or swings or gyrations on the chute at all I fact we were flO stable on the chute that in the reefed condition the skirt was exactly symmetrical arou."1.d thn bottom There was no breathing to one side or anything Conrad I think that is another thing that speaks highly of this rate command business ev en through we shut it off at 30,000 feet By that time we were well slowed down and there was no big os cillation left on the drogue So the 1•est of the rid with no system was free Now wh en that [PAGE 210] 199 chute deployed we weren even swinging or anything Like Go rdo said boy whe th a thing came out of the reefed condition it was perfectly circular around the bottom We looked at movies of these things and we've seen them collapsed on one side billow out and collapse and everything It didn't do that hat chute came out stayed perfectly circular Whenever th number of seconds wen by and the thing dereefed it dereefed per fectly circular It never breathed never oscillated never swung or anything Cooper And we never turned on it either Conrad never turned or anything The only oscilla tion we got the whole time was when we went to two-point We got the see-wawing action That was it We went str aight into the water The chute almost landed on top of us Coo per Okay on Rand separation--we might cover that after drogue deploy- it is just exactly like it looks in the sequences You see a ll the whole smear trunn eling out th ere the great long Rand section going out and al the lin es feeding out and then the main opens and the Rand COMFIDEfa~TIAL [PAGE 211] 200 can goes on off It looks just like it does in those sequential drawings Main chute deploy- we ve already covered We anticipated the landing attitude as being kind of a jar It is kind of a whip action there more than anything As long as you are braced for it it is no problem And then on landing- to me that was a su.l'.'prise because on landing I cou ld hardly believe we had hit It was so easy We didn't go under water didn't splash water or anything The windows were clear when we hit I could see th water as we hit I could see the chute Wh en I pur ched the chute jettison the chute just floated ut in front of us and slightly off to one side The windows were clear They had some conde nsation on them but not bad could see out of them very clearly We condensed them over a little more just breathing on the inside I gue,ss But when the frogmen got there the windo ws were still clear enough that they came up anc got up close to the window and we gave them the thumbs up Th ey visual ly got our thumbs up signal with no problem Th only abnormality was that after we got on the water AIR BOSS appar nt ly was not CO FIDE~4Tt"L [PAGE 212] 201 receiving us We were transmitting coming down on the chute on the main chute We made two steerage transmissions and counts and AIR BOSS received these and acknowledged them and got the clears on them After we were on the water he app arently was not receiving us Conrad Okay now I found a mistake and that is my fault on the HF antenna I went down through the check list but I read this one item wrong I had all three squib batteries off I sho uld have left the No squib battery on The antenna goes up on the common control bus so that is my fault that the antenna didn't go up Cooper But I thought I remembered when you put those off was after we had already gone through all this Conrad Well I'm not sure that you are not right there but I still made the mistake of turning all three squib batteries off I'm sure that if it doesn't go up with the squib batteries on then there is something wrong with the antenna but if it goes with the squib battery on why it was my fault Coo per But in defense of ete on this I almost sure that we had already gone through all the sequence [PAGE 213] 202 and said okay let I go through and re1 lly see what we can power down here now had gone through to really see wha we co uld ow down here now had gone through a sor of ec nd power down checklist when he turned the squib batteries of onrad Yes you are right Cooper And we had tried several transmissions prior to this and had gone through and rechecked is an tenna switch location So I'm kind inclin ed to think that was not the fault of the Bquib bat tery being off Co nrad I really don know Then we powered he whole spacecraft down whe we left it so the1~e was no telling wha wa going on I can•t speuk too highly of this checkoff list As many imes as we went over things in the simulator boy if you don't check these items off item by item in the eight of th excitement and the way it goes you are going to miss something hat is the way we went through these checkoff lists We Ghecked them off by the numbers Anytime back her where I didn't do an item here I left it op1 for som CO~~FIDE~f R'A [PAGE 214] 203 reason like right here suit fans and made a mark out to the side faceplate closed so we would go back and pick them up later You've got to do it that way hat's all there is to it It sure did make it easy Cooper Very briefly we would like to cover post-landing First of all we had ideal conditions It was early morning the air was cool out on the water The wave condition was at the worst to feet easy swells Almost calm conditions low wind Conrad Let me add one thing on that We sat there for or minutes in these or foot waves and every once in a while a wave would wash over the top of the spacecraft I think you want to be real careful and I still say- Cooper Not over the top but they could wash into your window Conrad Right over the window Cooper Your window was the down window Conrad But it looked like it would roll up on your window Cooper That's right That is a good point C9:HFIDE~~t1Ab [PAGE 215] 204 Conrad Even on as calm a day as that boy don't ever open those hatches unless it is a dire emergency until they've got that collar on there Cooper I agree Conrad I could see that thing going right straight to the bottom Cooper I agree ete and I both were in complete agreement on this Conrad It was as calm as you could get out there Cooper It was a beautiful calm day And even so his point is exactly valid I think that if you open up even the left hatch which is the higher hatch there would be an occasional wave which would throw water into it I think opening those hatches out there even with the splash curtain is a real bad situation unless you Just absolutely have to You are risking really filling it Of course I think you can get them closed and shut down if you start taking water on board but there is no sense in getting the whole inside all smeared with salt water However we were perfectly cool inside with both suit fans operat ing when we got the repress off the high [PAGE 216] 205 rate off and both suit fans back on the line We sat there and we were perspiring vecy lightly but the spacecraft was cool we had cooled it down prior to reentry as cold as it can go It was 50 degrees cabin prior to retrofire and 50 degrees suit loop- Conrad We had thought when we hit the water if we were going to have any wait --and it was apparent when we got down there we were going to have a wait- the smartest thing to do is to get out of the suit It became real apparent that the smartest thing to do was to stay in th suit and get th snorkel open get the both fans running and the cabin fan running Cooper And this was the answer because we were really cool in there Th ere was no problem We got our helmets off our glo-ves off and our neck dams on so we could recirc through the suits good It wa nice and cool in there No problem at all We could have sat there for hours on end if we rea lly had to No problem Of course there again we want to emphasize hat we were there under ideal sea conditions and I am sure that [PAGE 217] 206 Conrad Coo per Conrad Cooper Co nr ad Coo per @OM FIDEl TI-A that little spacecraft could get mighty nauseous if you really had roug seas We did have just a inge of RCS fumes in there We had sealed it off at 000 fe et and it had only bui up to a pound by the time we got en the water so that secondary flow rate ar high rate is just not putting out a hecl i of a lot of flo But it helps I think you really ad really sn iff to ou had to be hunting for it to smell the fumes Onc we got the snorkel open again on the wa er and had the cabin fan and the two suit ans running the smell disappear ed sho rt ly thereafte Yes it wa nice and fresh I got to be nice and fr esh in there As Gordo says we we perspiring lightly but ou best bet there as we were getting good flow in the suits from the wo fans wi th the snorkel ope I might recommend at this point for later crews that this a good po int to take that doggone bl ood pressure bulb and pump up th water system and drink a ll the water you can drink right ther [PAGE 218] 207 Because once you hit the carrier the medics aren going to let you drink for about a hour period while they run all their little diddies on you They don't care how thirsty you are or how bad a situation it is So I would recommend that you just fill up with water right there Conrad The most uncomfortable and the hottest we got was in the nelicopter ride back which was 35 minutes It was hotter than blazes in that helicopter We still had the suits on We could have gotten out them but we had gotten out fairly dry to begin with and we just decided to- Cooper decided as a matter of principle we were going to arrive on the carrier ith our suits on Conrad We arrived in uniform on the carrier rather than in a bathrobe Cooper Besides that we didn't have patches on our bath robe Conrad Right Cooper Okey thatls all I think of One thing after we got out--just to cover briefly -when the swimmers got the flotation around the spacecraft we decided we would open my hatch We opened the hatch and [PAGE 219] 208 FCSC Rep Conrad I climbed on out over onto the nose sec·;ion I felt no ill effects at all I was kind of watch ing for it being careful about it so I didn't all in the water right off We wanted to keep our suits dry I climbed out on the no.3e section and they wheeled one of the bigger raft i over around the flotation collar and I stepp~d on off over into the raft ete stepped on out he only dampness we got on us was when the chop per ca.me down pretty low He was sitting there blowing spray all over us He had a heck of a time getting the horsecollar over to us for some reason or other He finally got over ete took it and went up in it and dropped it back to me I took it and went up in it We had no ill effects in the ors ecollar and no ill effects from there on Did you crawl out of the left hatch too ete Yes Gordo got out and I powered the siacecraft down and turned off all the batteries end the rest of the switches and got out on the left side and then with the flotation collar on I climbed back over the right hatch and stood on the right side because it was plenty stable over there t'f FtDEMTIAL [PAGE 220] 209 once they got the collar on A frogman and I closed tlm.e left hatch I hooked up the little gizzy on the wa:y out so that we could close the hatch and get it started--~ne lock release Cooper Incidentally was that hard to close The little lock release Conrad No once the hatch was open and started open then it was free Cooper For some reason or another--that is the first time I've seen it like that when you couldn't get it open Conrad I checked mine and it worked okay Cooper But mine was hung up for some reason where it wouldn I open But mine was hung Conrad Once we opened the hatch it went free Cooper kiey- so much for that [PAGE 221] 210 I 11 EXPERIMENTS 11 Vi sual definition of celestial objects nearby object photography and terrestrial features(D Conrad Okay mode 01 hese are going ti be real straightforward mode 01 was done ln con junction with and it was done photogTaphing the moon It was done as advertised at 01 days 16 hours 30 minutes and we took the mo()n with magaz ine 11 We took pictures at 1/30 of a sec ond We took the moon on magazine at 1/60 of a second pictures We took picturHs of the moon on magazine 10 at 1/125 of a seconci and all at that time period or shortly th reaft«?r 16 30 I the meantime we were making the recording IR measurements of the moon so we have 12 pictures of the moon on the three camera backs 400 film 3401 film and 8443 film That HS sequence with the Qu estar lens visua acquisi tion mode Now we did not track with he peri scope We found that the boresight was good enough and we didn want to screw any thi ng up So Gordo did all the tracking with the ticle Cooper I think we have mention ed it bef'ore bu we might e6t~[JDEb4Tl iJ [PAGE 222] 211 mention right here again that whe the reticle was exactly boreaighted on some object like the moon or a star so was the uestar lens It was right on the moon [PAGE 223] 212 Co op er Reentry Number Adapter Separ a tion No doubt We set the Magazine at l/60th of a seccnd pictures We took pi ctures of the moon on Magazine 10 at l/120th Conrad At that time period shortly thereafter 16 30 In the meantime we we making and ecording IR measurements of the moon so we have 12 pictures of the moon on the three camera backs using 3400 film 3401 ilm and 8443 film And that was sequence with the Questar lens visual acquisition mode Now we did not track with the per iscope We fo und that the boresight was good enough and we didn want to mes anything up so Gordo did all the tracking with the ticle Cooper We ntioned befor but we might menti again that when the reticle a exactly bor esighted on some object like the mo on or a star so was the Quest ar lens It wa right on th money Conrad Yes eally good boresight Coo per And he rad ar was al so right on Conrad D-4/D- 422 was done at the sa1J t.i ae Do you want to co er that now seeing they we done togethe or do you want to wait until get over into [PAGE 224] 213 FCSD REP Conrad Why don we wait We did that portion of that was Then the next we did was Mode This was done on Venus at 02 days 13 hours 00 minutes We took pictures of Venus at 30th of a second on magazine 11 which was the 8443 IR Film It was taken through the Questar lens visually with reticle tracking Let me check the book to see if that is all Mode we did at 02 days 13 hours 20 minutes on Alpha Ce nta uri using magazine which a 3401 Film We used the Questar lens took pictures and that completed the Experiments Let run through the updating techniques and communications procedures that ar used with the other experiments and I ll only cover them once and that this time We send up the title of the experiment the GMT of the experime nt the sequence number if required a Mode number if required and then any other require ments went in the remarks section Things such as pitch yaw up down filmspe ds and delta times or anything else went in remarks I think that this procedure worked extremely well Ther was never any confusion on our part as to what Gelat,JOENltAt [PAGE 225] 214 experinent or how it was to be done Cooper The only caution that we might throw in is right here Conrad Stick to sequential times Cooper Ri ght stick to sequential time exactly so that you have running sequential time You can eep track of all the great number of things that they are sending up They might also consider i1at equipment set up and stowage problems you have wh they re sending these things up We had a great dea of equipment shuffling to do there In general it worked out fairly well All the equipm,mt worked extremely well ex cept 35mm camera which jammed several times on Conrad Okay now the reason it jammed was that photo event indicator which st raps on the film tran:,port ada pter cable was too long when he trigger was squeez ed That had a tendency to jam the camera mnchanism and I had to back it off out of the thrnad zone so that it wasn tightly in there In ze it would co ntinue to back itself out I wou gtit a couple of pictures and then it wouldn take a picture and I wou have to reach down and screw it in I [PAGE 226] 215 cCQMAO£MIA would screw it in too tight so I would get one more picture off and then it would jam and I would back it out a little bit We finally got to where it worked pretty good Cooper But this still is an equipment discrepancy that should be Conrad Yes and equipment discrepancy and it a lmost cost us a couple of good pictures Especially when we hadn't found the ship about four times and all of a sudden the camera was jammed wall light fit in there I might say here that this is and we got we got quite a bit of and we did nothing What we are alking about is the camera equipment associated with and Cooper Acquisition Techniques- They varied Acquisition techniques varied depending on whether it was a celestial or ground target Again we can emphasize nough to do experiments where you have to point to certain places to find things the only ay to do it in a rofess ional manner is to have a pl at form up and use the pointing angles It makes the task a thousand tim es easier and it elimina es all [PAGE 227] 21 this sloppiness If these experiments are orth taking platform time and power to do Conrad We've got to say here that there was so much diffi ult in finding these things and getting organized that we made onboard decisions to drop this track in techniqu and we used only one method We both looked for the target and when we found it if we found it I got Gordo pointed in the right direction and he put the reticle on it From then on he did the track ing and I took the pictures I coach him if he was off at all by looking in the lens We never ried the technique of me flyi i and taking the pictures at the same time didn't beca us the majority of pictures that they asked for in were Qu estar pictures I ould never have be en a bl to find it if we were off the leas littl bit because th pictures that they wanted lled th whole Qu estar ens We found that the liores i ght as perfect so rather than mess things up and we Things were getting wor st To make 11ure that we ot the pictures we dropped the different track ing modes and we used th same echniquEi everytime Gordo tracked it in the ticle and I co ached him if he wasn't right on fo he picture I told him c_Q b4f 10Et'4TI [PAGE 228] 217 Cooper Conrad Cooper Co oper F<;SD REP onrad t'CS REP Cooper Co nrad Conrad where to go and I took the pictures and we used that consistently No that's a switch from what they wanted but I think it bought th em some It still proves that you can do the job The telescope has too sma ll a field of view I recommend if you want the man in the right seat to track and fly them he should have a reticle on his side Then he can track with the reticle and not the telescope He tr ac ks with the reticle and he looks in his view finder just to make sure that he's got the picture where he wants it in the view-finder Comparison of opera tio nal modes We covered that Voice recorder usage We sed it while we had it What about your logs This log is pretty long Do you want it all I can give you the time Why don't you just go through it think it might be better to reproduce It not that long It and At 01 days 15 hours 33 minutes we had a Sequence 053 which we didn't get Target obscured by clouds 02 days 13 hours 41 minutes we had 012 which was CQMfi,OENl~A I [PAGE 229] 218 Monterrey Mexico It was covered by elouds so we took Tampico instead We took two pictures 02 days 15 hours 16 minutes 59 seconds they asked for 020 which was James Connally AFB at Waco exas It was obscured by clouds so I hink we got the Dallas Air Naval Station and it wan sort of hurried but I think we got five picturHs The next thing they asked for was on 03 days 11 hours 37 minutes 28 seconds we got our fir11t missile I got five pictures I won't guaranteo wh ther the missile was in it or not Shortly aftHr that time we got seven of Holloman I as so tickeled to see the sled down there that I shot pictures instead of four At 03 days 16 hours 44 minutes we took five pictures of Bergstrom On that same pass we ook four pictures of the Cape and tha when we were tracking with radar Cooper Yes Conrad Then they gave us a target on 04 days 12 hours 08 minutes 13 seconds of Los Palmos and we got four pictures in the mode that they wanted On 04 days 12 hours 24 minutes 02 seconds we got Mozambique I not sure how well we got it but I took six pictures down here so I guess we got it [PAGE 230] 219 pretty ell At 04 days 13 hours 29 minutes I got Savannah Municipal even though they were asking for something else and that was covered and then I ied to get them a picture of this Blantyre Airdrome at 04 days 13 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds and all I got was the terrain around it because i was covered by clouds I ook a couple of pictures down there anyhow because this was IR film and I thought they might want to look at Africa At 04 days 15 hours 56 minutes 53 seconds we got W!iite Sands again on a 424a I got pictures Then we got the best one of all 04 days 15 hours 04 minutes 40 seconds We got pictures of the USS Lake Champlain Cooper Let me interrupt one thing here I think you said 15 hours on White Sands Conrad Did I White Sands was 14 hours 56 minutes 53 seco ds Then we picked up the California missile on the next one I don't think I got any pictures of that We saw the missile real clearly but Gordo didn get on track so I don think we got the missile in the picture Every one of these pictures that I mentioned are Questar ex cept the Savannah Municipal which was on a 200 mm Then we came up rlDE~~TIAL [PAGE 231] 220 Cooper Conrad FCSD REP Conrad with object 65 which was this small island off Brazil and that was 04 days 16 hours 51 in utes 25 seconds and we have four lovely pictures of the first island which is 120 miles above the cor ect island We have four more pictures of the correc island We finally found it Here is the map problem that we remarked about ar lier Here then i the only one that I really messed up 05 days 11 hours 43 minutes 41 seconds was the Cape radar test and I had the darn lens on l/250th and I should have had on l/30th I don think those pictures will come out And that it for You i ght mention here the tracking of these missi es No strain You ve got to get on them right aw a When Gordo finally saw it the second time it a just to far away to get him in PULSE When they come ight of the pad you can see them a ll rig ht It gets harder the higher they get Especi ally the second stage I got the first missile al the way to first stage burnout Then I was be ind hi I kept seeing a piece of the contrail here and the but I really didn catch up with him until he passed our altitude Just about that time he [PAGE 232] burned out again and then he was gone We could have acked him through second stage If you are going to get hi on IR you better get him coming off the pad because after that you can follow them very well with the naked eye We had two entirely different lighting conditions The first day we had them against the clouds and the second day we had them against the land and water Cooper We had him against that one string of clouds We lost him going against those clouds If you had a solid land water background I think you could fo low him the whole way without any problem Conrad The ir st day he didn come up out of the clouds but he did to us You know it was clear at Vandenburg but the clouds were close enough to cut off our angular view First we saw him when he Cooper But we had good lighting conditions in spite of his being above the clouds The lighting a such that we could fol ow him real easy Conra But the second day I was looking right at the pad and I saw the engine light There no two ways about it I saw the engine light or whatever the fire was coming out of the hole I don know how they fired them but om the time that flame was l'~E IQ 6~,TI A1s [PAGE 233] 222 above ground or wherever it was I saw them come off the grormd just as plain as day You really could see them He really stood out tt.e second time against the sand background Cooper You extended your eyes on that You didn't save them for the visibility targets Conrad We ll al about those visibility argets I told you before I went I didn't think hat was the way to measure eyesight up the re Cooper I don't ei ther I think that the problem 11 Celestial Space and terrestrial Radiometry Conrad Celestial space and terrestrial radiometry I think what I'd better do is just go right through he log C.Q t-4f IDEMTIM [PAGE 234] 223 Conrad All right we started out on on 01 day 11 hours 40 minutes 15 seconds wi th Mode 410 Let me just read them and look them up for you 410 was a star measurement No camera was required I have down here 410 and i was done so i must have been Deneb Anyhow it's annotated on the voice tape and it was a 410 Pitch angle was 70 degrees The yaw was degrees and he lo cati on was Carnarvon Austra ia We put i nutes of data on the onboard tape Okay at 01 deys 11 hours 48 minu tes 00 seconds we did 411 wh i ch was a night land eas ur eme nt 90 egree pitch down The experiment was made wh i le over an experiment station No camera was required And it was done pas Sydney It was done for minutes Okey at 01 deys 14 hours 14 minutes 00 seconds we did eas ur em ent No 420 We started to do easure en No 420 wh i ch was an I cloud blanket swee and the place they gave us had no cl ouds We di dn't do i So at 01 deys 14 hours 42 minutes 00 seconds we did 410A That was Vega and I have it marked as Vega We got some recorder time on i It should be correlated I know what i was It wasn't 410 This as [PAGE 235] 224 done in conjunction with The firsi measure ment on there was a REP don't forget that The first twenty minutes of tape is the REP Now at 01 days 14 hours 53 minutes 10 seeonds we did a 405 and I have the notation boreBight okay And that was where we ca librated ur RAD gages They were all right -At 16 hours 03 m:.nutes we di 422 which was the moo measurements We got minutes and tape recorder on that Then we go to the next day On the second day 14 hours 06 minutes 00 seconds 420 wh:.ch was a horizon to nadir measurement and back again and I believe IR cloud findings sweep You'll have to correlate what pa.rt of the worlcl that was in I'm not sure that it wasn't over Ancension 03 days 12 hours 50 minutes 00 seconds we did a 408 which was a black sky measurement and oid black space It was done over an Hxpe iments station It was done over Carnarvon hen on 03 days 16 hours 02 minutes 00 seconcls we did a 409 for minutes over Carna.rvon This was Zodiacal light measurement At 03 clays 16 hours 07 minutes 50 seconds we did a 41013 which was Alpha Signus or Deneb le got [PAGE 236] two minutes of record time On 03 days 16 hours 37 minutes 28 seconds we got our first missile 423 Alpha We have about a minute and 30 seconds of record time on that 03 days 22 hours 48 minutes 17 seconds we did 425A which was a Hawaii volcano measurement I did Monique It is the only one I could find sticking up out of the cloud That's not active but it a vo lcano Maybe they will find something On the rourth day 14 hours 57 minutes 33 seconds we did a 424A which was a White Sands engine measurement I got one minute of record time It should have been a good run 04 days 16 hours 28 minutes 07 seco nds we got the second missile 423E I don't think it on the track I don't think Gordo was looking at it We may have been pointed at it right at the beginning but I doubt it On the fifth day at 10 hours 27 minutes 00 seconds we did a 414 in East Africa correlated with some 16mm magazine film 414 was a desert land It was done in the area of the Sahara Desert On the sixth day 08 hours 43 minutes 00 seconds I did a 417 in the East African Mediterranean 417 was a water land measurement f€0t'4 f:lf Et\lT IA [PAGE 237] 226 It's on the recorder At 06 days 08 tours 44 minutes 40 seconds I did a 418 whic.h was mountains Those were desert mountaine in East Africa Again I got some record time On the seventh dey 09 hundred hours 00 minutes 00 seconds 419 I got the Ascension cal i bration except it was done in drifting flight over Carnarvon if I'm not mistaken And that is the end of Updating techniques and communications procedures were exactly the same as covered Equipment set up and usage was very straightforward The checkoff list was good The cooled spectrometer checks worked out fine over Carnarvon We had a go the first time We never did make the alinements The on ly thing we looked at with the cooled spectrometer was the REP The REP measurements were mad3 hour and 50 minutes after liftoff We had a go at Carnarvon I went to PROP GAGE-EXPIDRIMENTS RAD Cold I ON IR- ON power-ON transmitte c...oN recorde r-OFF Shortly thereafter we had trouole wi th the scanner At 2:05 we were still having trouble with the scanner We were having trouble wi th the platform aline We were in th process I [PAGE 238] 227 of turning and I missed Agena BUS ARM EXPERIMENTS and I missed jettisoning the door on the cold IR That's my fault and I jettisoned the door on the cold IR at 02 hours 16 minutes 15 seconds after liftoff I started taking the first REP measure ments and unfortunately it was at 2500 feet I felt that it was stil readable so that is where the data starts We got some black sky along side the REP with the cold IR The radiometric and IR spectrometer alinements were ight on the button So was the cold IR We had no trouble with the power down procedures It was very stra ight rward We never did get to do the cryogenic gas lifetime updates We never got the Milky Wey with that cooled sensor We id get the vo id black space with the cooled sensor We got the Zo di a cal light We got most of the star measurements We got the moon We got the night land measurements No well we got the numbers that I ment ion ed I just don remember a ll of them I did not get a:n:y cloud illumination with lightning I did get dey land measurements I got the Ascension calibration I got an IR cloud blanket sweep but I did not get the cumulus clouds 4EIDEt TIAL [PAGE 239] 228 FIDEf~TIAL I did get the moon measurements I did get one i ssile measurement I did get one volcano measurement I did not get the sun measurements were in drifting flight then and we never drifted into the sun The equipment tape recorder shou have had by my calculations which were generous and I think there was probably more left on it than I had calculated 12 minutes and 40 seconds worth of record time left on it This says we recorded some 41 minutes worth of data The voice recorder was used until it broke down The flight control proced~res were straightforward and we did most of our tracking with the reticle I ran the equipment FCSD REP Did missile coordination turn out okay Conrad It couldn't have been better 11 Synoptic Terrain and Weather Photography Conrad I could sum up this synoptic terrain photography We have over three hundred photographs I'm just saying that I think we got some tremen dous geological shots I think we got some great weather shots I can't say anything al>out it until I see the pictures We've got them all [PAGE 240] 229 logged We should be able to dig our way thr ough them Some of them were done on 35 mm film which was not requested by the man It was done on the extra 35mm film that we carried with the 200mm lens so we may have some great shots The relay of data was good The voice recorder was used until it br oke All the equipment operated The Hasselblad camera operated fine It never jammed It took every picture and I think they were all good pictures The tape recorder quit somewhere in the third day I've got a log over her that says voice recorder tapes We had a tape that ran from launch to 01 days 09 hours 25 minutes 00 seconds and we picked up the next tape at that time It ran till 02 day 13 hours 10 minutes and we had ano ther tape that we picked up at that time It ran till the third day 13 hours 47 minutes Tape 29 ran until the third day 17 hours 15 minutes There was another tape in there and that was the one that quit We don't know how much we got on that one That was the fifth tape We ran tapes and it quit on the fifth one That fourth tape takes us through third day 17 hours 15 minutes We took [PAGE 241] pictures of Betsy and Ibr en and we got a couple of typhoons also We gvt them all marked down [PAGE 242] 231 Con ad Let me just maybe gi ve you a synopsis here of some idea of what we probably have down here on the log and just looking at the pages here started out pretty generally lot of Ba.ha California few in Mexico Island chains sunrise couple of shots down of Saigon Tibet Tibet China Japan Arabian desert Tibet Tibet China Arabia Hanoy Phi llipin Isl a nds desert dunes Oasis African continent hurricane coast line Cairo Gibraltar ripoli Apo llo landmark Mexico Californi a coast Cape large storm on an at 01 day 17 hours 12 minutes Florida large thunde storms over Antigua Ba.ha California Islands and coast large circular swirls and clouds river mouth in Shanghai Japan typhoon by Japan Tibet Tibet Formosa Cairo an mode 07 Florida Cuba if I can mention the word Gu aymas clouds Houston coastal weather tropical storm Central America Lake Titticaca Arabia China earache North Australian Islands Africa Ca ir ibet Pete laughter Apollo landmarks Cyclonic clouds Haw aiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Iran Turkey ibet Glazier Tibet Hong Kong Nile Florida Cuba Wes Coast South America gee hes I got a lot of pictures of in here Pete tropical [PAGE 243] 232 storm Doreen West Coast South Americ a Andes Formosa ig Islands of Japan ibet mountains and clouds Tibeten geology Tibet village China coast North Coast of Australia Australia Ch ina New Guinea North Coast of Australia Cairo got a lot of Cairo we really liked Cairo Central Australia clouds at Cape Rhir oh I got a reall spectacular cloud shot at Cape Rhir of a cyclonic cloud orma ion a minature one East Africa Canari es Dallas Fort Worth Jacksonvil Houston Carribean Getmo Baha California Mexico storm Doreen uxine i Amazon Hawaii storm coral eefs Mid pac trop ic al storm cora reef urine dump Tibet Ji'ormosa Africa Arabi a weather Crete a string acros the Meds arge something Ind_ia Is an Arabia Palestine Rev 87 Australia East African geol0 African akes south of Niro bi east African coa,st north of ananarive Madagascar clouds in the nter Tropical Convergence Zone Jac sonville Florid airc aft carrier West Coast by Windowhec Afric3 night photos clouds Baha California South Mexico South America odiacal light moon clou formations in the Pacific cloud formation Hawai i Sout American geol ogy West- South American weather ph enome na Jf sunrise in [PAGE 244] FCSD Rep Cpnrad 11 is ual Acuit Coop er FCSD Rep Con ad 233 Japan Japan weather night pies stars Milky Way thunderstorm and lightning something village China something Shanghai Marshall Islands tropical storms oil well fires in Africa geol ogy in India Tibet Solomon Islands sequences across Arabia New Guinea China coast Islands due west of someplace can I read it West Coast Africa I cant read any of Gordo's wr~ting some other islands 102 Rev Austra ia Canaries no 48 wonder what that was East Africa very hazy African geology Cape Kennedy ice ar ticles and that's it Pretty varied laughter That a lot of film there I ll tell you Greed on Tibet No that was Gordo he rea ly goes for that Ti beten country up there that I where he sees all his goodies It's pretty clear and pretty up there an As tro aut Visibilit D-13 and ision Te st Ok ay Why don we go Okay updating techn i ques and communications pro cedures Again remain the same as before Equipment set up the thing we had there of course was a CE1NFPDE lt>6 i [PAGE 245] 234 vision tester an photometer and the rst thing there on the photometer I got he firs day measurement with the photometer which required a 30 degree sun angle and this was really had been given a loca tion to put the sun on the Gordo nide of the instrument panel to assure that we had the right sun angle okay we made that measuremen We had the photometer in the window whenever we ent by the 13 target we got ose measur Eiments but we didn get the last day photometer mea iu rement be cause we were in drifting flight and di dn't have the fue to set it up But I don think the wi ndow changed Cooper I don either Conrad Yeah kay Cooper Let see the vision te ster I thought worked very well No problem on it everything orked just as advertised and we did run it just as we had agreed to run it and was scheduled to run it I fact in creased our numbers of runs on it later on Every thing went fine on it I sure noticed a variance from day to day in our per ormance back and orth back and forth it would seem to me like we and I think th i is probably a function of how much we [PAGE 246] 235 Ot~FIDE llAL have been looking out the window Conrad Yeah I think you hit the nail right on the head with tha one Cooper Because once you have been looking out the window for a while if you come back in and do anything for a while until your eyes kind of got et tled down was very difficult The it not the vision test it was the vestibular functions tests of we ran that just as we had said we would run it we held our heads alined ith the headrest as straight as possible and turned the thing on I took mine in my right eye Pete took his in his left eye so hat I could read along the side of his and he could read along the side of mine I alined with the top of my instrument panel which is offse.t by some 30 degrees or so and I assume that Pete alined with the top of his also And we would spin the di al and then while looking in there aline with what we thought was the parallel alinement with the top of the panel and then say read and the other man would read their reading or would record the reading down then and we di this five times to get the readings enough said for that I jus will say that I my persona opinion on this thing ct J\,F I [PAGE 247] 236 Conrad Coo per Con rad Cooper Conrad FIDE 4TI is that it was put in here political that it was ill planned il defined and is a worthless experi nt I hope someday somebody will have the courtesy check some of these things out more thoroughly Ground observat i ons we can't even say about the Austr alian site the Wo dl eigh si because the we ather was such that we never got a lo ok at it wo times we could have got en a look at it he we ather was very bad ov er the area and one We saw the moke so clearly though and the weather was so clear that I could sort of put that in a category ith Yuma you know I jus wished we had seen i Ye ah I do to That dar ned aredo site even hen we saw the smoke the contrast ratio as own so much on the target outlines Yeah Th at we had a great deal of difficulty finding the target ow Go rd found them a couple of times when I idn even in them even looking right at the right sp ot and I wh en I find them why I be to late I mean we'd be already at the Nadir and going away from i an by that time we usually be [PAGE 248] 237 co~~FIDE~~TIAL in rolling flight because of the tracking involved and the couple of times we saw the marks you be messed up trying to decide whether it was the or just from orientation Cooper Well here again we were try ing to salvage a little bit out of drifting flight and I realize why we con tinued that experiment where we could and doing what we could but it almost worthless to try and do anything of this type if you don have attitude control systems Conrad And a platform Cooper And a platform because you have got be able to get powered up you have got to be able to have pointing information be able to get on the thing at an early enough date to get your angles right and to get all set up and to be able to control the spacecraft so that you can take the right look angle When you are trying to climb all over one side of the spacecraft peer out the back corner of the other window and one in one another lap one peering out of one window and one out the other and there just a mess and it doesn't do the experiment justice and it doesn't do us justice If the experiments going to be done at all it ought to be done right and 4FIDE~~TIAL [PAGE 249] 238 her again I say I realize why we wer trying to sa vage what we could out of a bad si 1ation but it didn really do justice to the expt=riment never eally once really gave the expe:C'iment as far as the ground observation a really fa chance And the one time when we really did give it the most fair chance whe we did have attitude control was extremely bad weather the haze was ad it was ust about like the day when we went over it in the airplane trying to do those observations it was a low sun angle and haze and the vis bility in the area was not real overly good Pete already covered the window measurements checkl i st I think th at his whole experiment was very we ll laid down and very well prepared for and that the people con cerned with this experiment did a real fine job of it Conrad I have to make one comment though I think that the target size was small enough such that the target itself although it had the high contrast ratio with the surrounding background that they were looking for you know so it would stand out was lost in the acquiring in other words th3.t thing was designed for our close overhead work to see it and therefore [PAGE 250] 239 EO FIDE TrAt besides the smoke there was nothing else to in a contrast nature to attract us to the target area Cooper That right Conrad And that the problem was acquiring it we were always in the process of acquiring but by the time we acquired it we were already overhead where we should have been making readings Cooper Yeah I think that they might do ell to put some big colored panels out or some type of something that would be more distinctive Conrad Let Say this the times that we saw the ships the time we found the carrier we had the carrier wake in sight for 500 miles even though we didn have the ship in sight and we were bor esighted tracking spacecraft pitching down keeping track of that thing when we got close enough to actually see the aarrier with our naked eyes why it's because we had been tracking and looking and focusing right in the right spot all this time You can do that with that type target and this was the thing that I was afraid that was going they've tried to control everything in this S~S/D- 13 experiment measure the atmosphere they have measured our eyes they have made the targets the right size but they [PAGE 251] 240 left out the one thing that real made just like being in the deser you are flying along out there over the desert and a very very small hink road ands out and the reason it does is be cause it got th i ght cont as ratio You can put a foot road in brown in a brown field and you not going to see it from 100 feet in the air And is was the whole trouble The targets were to small that their contrast ratio didn help us acquire I feel the experiment was really a good one I re~lly feel badly about not getting the data but opinion hasn changed from before flight I ras worried before flight that the contrast was gob.g to be such that we would never locate it and that was exactly what our problem was Now the oodleigh i te I feel might have been a little bi different We had such a good sighting cue in that Sharksmouth Bay and there was no doubt in our mind where the target was the one time we saw it with he smoke and in relation to Sharksmouth Bay and eve ything that if we had had some fuel up there we ve:cy well may have seen those targets far enough out acqui the i te and star acking and then we might have gotten them some useful da a No doubt in our mind that we'd lu€ 0MFIDE~fF JA [PAGE 252] 241 IDENT ts# Coo er FCSD Rep Conrad have had a heck of a lot easier problem if the visual acuity targets had been located up in Yuma and not Laredo Everytime we came over the West Coast if I didn see Yuma why I was surprised because I think!I acquired Yuma every time it real easy to pick it out of the desert and there was many clues to lead you right where those vis targets might have situated if they had been in the Yu.ma areas and I felt that you would probably see them And I still think this is a real worthwhile experiment I think it good for but it got to be revised considerably They have got to move that Lare do ocation Okay Have you got anything in the book the that you want to put in We yeah Let just run by it real quick What happened on each one of the I have several passes isted and I have on the first ay 00 hours 00 minutes that we took a vision test wel those are all in the flight plan and they are all marked on the cards so that not necessary to record It was on the i st day 18 hours 26 minutes when I di the window scan The Laredo siting we id at ay 18 hours 34 min utes 38 seconds an we didn even see it Th en [PAGE 253] 242 0bt~IDEt TIAL at 18:25 05 on the second day Gordo s~w the targets and I didn't On the third day 13:32:40 we saw the smoke no targets bad sun angle then the thi rd day 18 hours 16 minutes 14 sei::onds we saw a in the first row and a in le second in on the second row then on the 3eventh day 16 hours 40 seconds we saw the smok saw the targets on Gordo side and he scored and a in the first two boxes and the window measurement was made at that time also We had to you know had the photometer and that's the only 13 data I have down Electrostatic Char ge fuse Cooper We did that just according to the flight plan I I I Conrad Yeah well lets see Ive got I 11 give the readings here if I can find them MSC We had an MSC at 01+21+52+00 which ended at 01+22+44+00 and another one at 03+07+40+00 that encied at 03+08+40+00 And another one at 04+05--50+00 that ended at 04+07+00+00 and another one a 06+05+24+00 th at ended at 06+06+24+00 Another orni at 07+05+24+00 hat ended at 07+06+25+00 and another one at 07+20+50+00 and that got cut short by a thruster [PAGE 254] 24 check and I didn't record the time that it was turned off but I turned on again but I sure it on the tape somewhere.- So much for the MSC 11.6 Zod ia 5e.l Light Pho tc- gra.:p hy Conrad Why don't you give them the word on that Cooper Equipment set up and usage we didn have any problems in set ing up the camera all set to go by the procedure that we developed for using the Southern Cross and pointing up towards Alpha and Beta Centaurus with the top part of the reticle worked out all right We don know yet what kind of data we got but we followed the re-agreed method for where we put the reticle and for turning the camera on and how long it was held on there and then proceeded on around to Gruis pointing up towards Fomalhaut and held on there and we didn't thrust any during the film I think there was one film sequence we had to we still were doing a little thrusting to get into attitude on one of the longer observations and we recorded this on the recorder and should be on there as to the times and everything 11 Inflig ht xer cise We used it extensively for both medical passes and [PAGE 255] 244 for regular exercise through the day--both of us used it There was no noticeable changes in physiological condition I think if anything it i easier to use inflight than it is on the ground und er lg I mean ne thing I might re commend is that ii have some little etter method of rolling up in maybe some kind of elcro strap fastened onto it to be able to roll the thi ng up into a stowage type configuration Th is is ne thing hen you start to stow it anywhere it tends to keep unrolling and getting all over the place But i worked very well no problem 11 Infli ht Phonocardiogram Cooper As far as I know it functioned all right It was just like any other sensor it itched and was trouble some as far as another sensor It was not comfort abl but i was not overly painful but it certainly was very noticeable just like othe sensors 11 Cardiovascular Re lex Conditioning Cooper his worked for some days on Pete was the ne that had this on There were no procedures or operational problems--it was turned on and left on for all this period of tim in whic:1 time it ran out of air and quit and th cuffs ere itch ing him very much under his suit and we p:,:-oceeded to get his suit EEot EI DEf',Tl;iill [PAGE 256] Conrad FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Co nrad 245 off enough off that we could cut the cuf fs ff and throw them back in the trash box The cardio vascular conditioning bottle valve was very objection able It was extremely noisy It YOke both of us up everytime it actuated with a loud thud and hisses of air and I don care what anybody says in a very quite room it was very def i nitely objectionab and I won't change my opinion of it one bit It was too loud and my recommendation wou be if they can decrease the noise of this valve that it be eliminated from any flights Your My huh Yeah that was a crazy one Let me ask one question on this You didn't say here Did you feel anything Yeah let's go into that I very definitely felt that after we finally spent many hours down he with Gene Tuggs and rebuilt the cuffs yeah they were doing the job that they were designed to do They were cutting off the venous flow and I could feel that in flight Very easily in my eet So I th i nk it as working correctly It was a shame it ran out of poop gas air I'm glad it did Yes COJ)iU•I Ef>fJJic [PAGE 257] 1.10 Cloud To pe ct rometer Cooper ere again there weren't a:ny problems in the hard~1are in th flight that we didn know about before flight There were two oc casions wh re the spectrograph I shu·;ter was re leased inadvertently i the in stowage or unstowing and the main shutter had not been just as we knew th is is a very weak point of the mechru 1ism because all you have to do is bump it against some hing and the spectrographic shut te was released which ruined the whole that parti ular exposure you had to recock the whole thing As far as the roced ur es of using it it was easy enough to use it was a ld.ttle bit cumbersome in shape but we used it holding i the lenses upright up high so tha they got out he window I think we got them some go od data if Pete will get the log out he re he can ead over that We recorded on the voice recorder as long as we had any tape recorded comments on he clouds their ap pearance and all that while making he photographs Conrad ow all the photographs taken were specific ph oto graphs requested at a specific time here were some that were requested at a specific im that we didn get I think the experiments pH ople have those [PAGE 258] 247 Cooper Conrad G©t'<IFIBE TIAL down or they can co rr elate it real easy if I give you the ones that we got So we had a and we alwrors took two sets one at an eig hth and one a quaYter so we had a set at day 20 hours minutes and 30 seconds and we actually would up ith four pictures Apparently they requested four Then we had another one and that was cumulus clouds wherelver the location was Gordo took the pictures I and another one on the second day 21 hours 33 minutes and 02 seconds four pictures of a tropical storm On the third day hours 32 minutes and 46 seconds we had fo ur pictures taken over the Philippines of clouds in the Philippines Then the next frame number 13 was exposed accidentally And then on the th ird day at 21 hours 20 minutes and secon ds it doesn say what the picture was made of but set were made of an 03 mode 03 that was let me look and see here Right I think that was 03 Eastern Pac ifi and then we had on the four th day at hours 20 minutes and 25 seconds we had a Philippines/Guam area set again then on the third day 20 minutes 35 seconds you had one taken there Gordo whats that white something oh that white EO~~FIDE~TIAL [PAGE 259] 248 Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper 11,11 Misc ellane ous Cooper Conrad calibration card--that was frame number 18 Then on the fourth day 16 hours 37 minutes 00 seconds you had thunderstorms over someplace---is that right- thunderstonns Yes the tip of Florida up right ff- Yes thunderstorms off the tip of Florida that's right they ask for that And then on the fourth day 19 hours 44 minutes 02 seconds we had another Eastern Pacific for two pictures Then on the fourth day 21 hours 09 minutes 25 seconds ropical storm Do reen-- two pictures Twenty-seven wHs tripped in the spectrometer again the twenty-seventh- That's right Then on the seventh we had seventh day hours 18 minutes 21 seconds we had another Philippine/Guam area Right Two pictures Yes and that was it for the cloud to1 spectrometer Celestial and External Observations We saw the Zodiacal light uite clearly--twice [PAGE 260] 249 Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper Con rad Cooper Conrad Cooper Con rad Cooper Clearly We saw the air glo as usu al always around everywhere around the night We did see streaks in the air glow that they talked to us about the dark streaks in it which Jim and Ed mentioned They are really definitely there Right banded are~s And we saw this one in the southern Aurora own on the southern celestial pole which was quite pretty unus~al Real hard to de ine at irst too just what it was Yeah it looked like a part of the air gl ow but it was actually an Aurora i changed the It changed the air gl ow thickness too Changed the air glow thickness and it changed the smooth curvature of the earth it put a halt in the black outline of the earth Right And i as a very green band of hat yo u'd what kind of Aurora do you cal that here it is sort of like a sheet Yeah the str i a or striden somethi ng like that Yeah Then one other the nly othe observation other than we did see a lot of micrometeorites and I saw [PAGE 261] 250 one large meteorite enter un erneath Conrad bserved quit a few undernea us- Cooper There was ver- seld om a night went by that you cou ldn't wat ch just for a few inutes to see a icr om ete orit or two of them enter One meteorite cam from a ong way ut burning and went in under ne ath Th ere were two ther si gnificant things One was the ob servat io of the oo Th moon was ri sing out of the airglow We ad about a quarter mo on a nd you couli seo the entire oon lit partially and then he ne part o:f i lit brighter It eally appeared in ree dimensional wlth the sun ba ck ov er back of the horizon lig ht it This was quite spectac ul ar I thought I bought i.t oo ked very unusual The other observa.ti0ns in vi cinit of the Magellanic Clouds and actua lly in he vicinity where this Gegenschein Li sht is- i appeared to me to be two to three a:~eas that lo oked like agellani Clou ds only mu~h smaller Th ere were two or three other li ttle Mag ellanic Clou d-appearing thi!lgs l'hey weren't el usters or anything I think you ot iced th em se eral times to ov er there when we we~e fiddling around the agellanic Clou ds I never could decid hat they [PAGE 262] 251 Con rad Yes we kept looking over the area of Gegenschein to see if we could see and I don't rea lly think it was the Gegenschein but- Cooper There was one area right almost in the imm diate area of the Gegenschein but not quite It was very near that area by maybe five egrees or so though There was this one area which appeared like the Magel lan ic Clouds Con rad Like a real small one Cooper Yes it looked like a small Magellanic Cloud That's really what it looked like I was quite near the area where we had been told the Gegensche in should appear but then th ere were a couple of others of th ese that similar typ es back ov er clos er toward the other of the regular Magellanic Clouds So I don't know what they were and I didn't notice these before on my previous flight These were something that were new to me We saw a ot of planets We did try taking the polaroid the two sheet polaroid filters and rotating them to all different positions to see if we had circul ar or line ar polarity coming out of th sun I tried th sun both while well up and while setting 19E JtA [PAGE 263] 252 FCSD Rep Cooper Everytime while setting it seemed to have linear polarity somewhat vertical but I never could pin this down to anything well defined Whi le the sun was up well into the sky I could rotate the filters and rotate them wit hin themselves to any degree and couldn't discern anything but equal polarity coming out of them in all directions It didn't seem to have any linearity to it at all or any well-defined specific axis of linearity never could see anything from the sun oth er than with the polaroid filter in After the sun had set you could see quite a glow with the polaroid filter in but at the same time you could see it without the polaroid too A couple of times when we got the Zodiacal light quite strongly Can you see the stars down through this airglow Oh yes You can see the stars right on down through the airglow The Gem ini window is much cleaner in general apparently or much better visibility out of it and night visib ility than the Mercury windo because we were seeing down to about seventh magnitude of stars We saw th clusters in ri on and we could see seven stars in the belt of ri on We saw a great many stars which we couldn OMFlf>El'4TIM I [PAGE 264] Conr ad FCSD Rep Con rad FCSD Rep Co nrad FCSD Rep Coop er Conrad begin to see in the Mercury flights In a ct on the basis of the number of stars we've seen our recommendations are that you rank up the planetar ium at Moorehead and increase the brightness of it over the vel at which we were studying it be cause it was to me rather confusing when we got up th ere due to th number of stars we a ctual ly were seeing Didn't you think we need ed to up the number of that you actually see Yes very definitely You see quite a bit of the sky Did you get any pictures of opportunity of som thing omething that you really remember-- that wasn't scheduled Pictu es You mean photographs Yes Oh I think we have some outstanding photographs in there if they cam out I mean something that m~be you wanted to take a picture of that wasn't on the- Oh yes le took a number of pictures because We got some real good pi ctures coming acr oss the states with the cl ear day we never expected to see where we got two or three of the big major cit ies [PAGE 265] 254 Coo pe CS Rep Coo per FCS Rep in the middle of the St at es like Dal a For Worth and a cksonville I tried some nighttim phot graphs wit th 200 mm ens on high spee film with ve al diff ere nt speed sett i ngs just to see i they ould come ut and hat they wo uld com out like Of what Oh of ri on and ve ra of the co nste ll a tion se ver al celest i a fi es nce of some airglow I ok a picture of that aurora th at we saw ver there and of cou se all kinds of su~se sun rises and the moon coming up through th airgl ow and things of this type A ot of di:n light stuff we took with hi gh speed fi It ay or ay not co me out I do I know We were gu es 3ing at some of th xposure A gr ea an th i ng on th gr ound of cou rse we took pi ctu re of th a re unexpec ed thin gs th a we just thought ere rea ar get of oppor tunity Ok ay that the end of the xpe rimen [PAGE 266] 255 12.0 PREMISSION PLANNING 12 i ssion Plan traject ry Cooper On these nger flights you have to be prepared for more rea time mission pl anning which we were And we had planned on this perhaps being the case and we he al the flexibility that we could in our pl anning You need to get a ll of the key things that you re going to do planned and trained for as well as possible but the way you fit them together has to be flexible This applies more to the flight pl an than it does to the over a ll mission plan 12 Flight Plan Cooper Flight plan almost invariably winds up being argely real-time planning 12.3 Spacecraft Changes Cooper Sp acecraft ch anges as al ways been a sore point with me and sti is I can emphasize enough to give the crew and everybody el se a fair shake by hol ding spacecraft changes to a real firm hard freeze date No more changes should be made after a certain date because it adds hardship to everybody invo ved and does not allow the crew time to train Some changes are going to be necessary because of what you find out on the preceding flight but I think they should Jl [PAGE 267] 256 WFIDel>~TIAL 2.4 Mission Rules Cooper Conrad 12.5 Experiments Cooper be held to an absolute minimum I think that the mission rules were i genera very hea thy I think the attitude of the FOD toward mission rules was very good It was obvious that just as we have seen many times before that FOD uses the mission ru es as guidelines and certainly wil deviate from them to keep the ight going but keep everything as safe and as smooth as possible I rea ly can quibble with the mission ru les we wound up with at all I think they were very good The mission rules on the fuel cells were the best things we ver had they were written real opera tional I would ike to compliment the people who wrote those rules Exp er imen ts is a sore point with me cause I again feel li ke the flight crew get tro mpled on all the way down the ine here is no polic;r that has ever been held to or ever backed up on adhBring to an experiments cut-off date Very obviously there were a couple of experiments th rown in on a politi cal basis and nothing else I fee that this is not fair to the experimenters and to the flight crew I [PAGE 268] 257 nor is i fair to the operations people when ex periments get cranked in past the experiments freeze dates I feel that these freeze dates shou be estab ished early agreed to by everybody concerned and shou be he very rigid to Un ess a safety of flight or a significant development occurs warranting a spacecr a ft change the eeze date shou be adhered to If you don you affect hardware you affect al the previou and subsequent training a..~d planning involved and you compromise everything as well as the experiments which did meet the agreed to schedu 12 Tr a inin Activities Cooper We were extremely hort on time to do adequate flight plan training Although we had it pretty we ll in hand but it was still very marginal I guess it was just as well since circumstances re quired co nsiderable real time pl anning It wou dn't do much good to get timing patterns down real pat on these things anyway Us ually it boi down to doing them re al time There were evera experiments that I would have li ed to have had a ittle more time to run practice on the simul ator or at east sit down and lay out exact how we were going to [PAGE 269] 258 onrad Conrad Conrad do it Al though experim ents worked ut a ti vely we 11 we could have used a ttl mo c:-e time on them Conce rning mission planning I would avoid wiring experiments such as MSC-1 hey clo·:iber up ery critica time phasing in the mission or instance arming the Bus Arm Switch at SECO added an unneces sary step at an extremely time -cr i ti al time which is just pure lousy engineering pl ann ing That door cou ld have been lo wn by any number circuits It didn't have to put i on that one The next thing is the laying out of he flight plan It became obvious that we were crowd So I think they should take a more objective ook at these quential as ects of li ght planning particularly in terms of ow long it takes com pl ete one ex periment his business of being pit ched a ll the way to the nadir going backward th,m having to pit ch forward again to pi ck up he next targ et is time consuming Neither the flight pl an peop the crew nor anybody el se for that rna tter picked this up until we were flying Sle ep cyc es On the lo ng flights you have to pl an for dua eep cyc es Stations shou monitor and not transmit The crew shou sleep at the same [PAGE 270] 259 Conrad Cooper Conrad time for a period of hours at least I am firm convinced the first three orbits shoul be devoted onl to wringing the spacecraft out here was a tremendous mistake made in the pl anning on our ight We assumed that everything was going to run correctly in the very beginning We didn't even test anything but the thrusters and that was a mistake We had the time to make severa systems checks You have to do a good platform check You need to check the scanners You ought to have a de tailed procedure laid out in advance If we have done that we'd have lmown that the primary scanner was no good You should have a computer check which con sists of going into Catch mode hitting Start COMP maybe inserting a few numbers and see what they read out We ran into one computer anomaly where the com puter kept running and running and I still don't lmow what that was Had that occured during the REP exercise we would have really been up the creek That's right In pre mission planning we should lmow what the most critical systems are to be checked For us there was the Platform Computer and Scanners One of them bit us and that was the Primary Scanner We [PAGE 271] 260 were forced into being p11t all the wa back into the first orbit and it was a mistake Th-e--mi i an rules were goud and I agre with the comments Gordo had on the experiments and the training activities [PAGE 272] 261 13.0 MI3SION CONTRO 13 GO NO GO Cooper GO/NO GO I think we re fine I don ee anything wrong with the GO/NO GO's 13 Pl and CL A pda t~s Cooper Con rad 13 Consumables Co oper onrad Cooper Con rad Coo er Con rad I though those went all right Do you Yes we had a hip pocket pl a ce to go on every or bit Consumables In general we had a pretty good handle on those The oxygen the OAMS We had one anomally on th OAMS I still don think we lifted off with the right OAMS propellant No I don think so either We ha 87 percent 87 percent on lifto and th ey never answered that question for us We did ask hy we had this ading rather than 100 percent and we neve got that ans we We ask ed this shortly before liftoff This may have had to do with the fact that we had full fuel but not a full load of oxydi er based on that 25 mixture ratio My unde rstanding as th at we we re supposed to li ftoff ith 100 pe rc nt on the gag I not saying that wa correct but it took I us by surpris when they blew the Squibs a couple of minutes before liftoff and had 87 percent «e~FIDi~il [PAGE 273] on the gage Cooper Elect ric al don't think there was a:ny problem on the electrical system The problem Wc in the cryogenics rather than the electrical I should say in the cryogenics and in the water product of th fuel cells Th ese were the limiting things rather than the electrical power we were using As long as you could run the fuel cells there as no limit to the power you could pull off of them Conr ad Let I put that to bed right now he GPO fluffed powering up those fuel cells after thny been powered down If our electrical prob ems didn't do anything ls we got to cycle electr:_cal loads all the wa through the flight on those fuel cells As far as I'm concerned those fuel CBlls are flight proven Every fuel cell in every spa<!ecraft that goes off should carry the maximum loacl of RSS supply so that he has all the electrieal power that he wants to use He can run tha pla·;form computer or any combination of electrical gear that he wants anytime during the flight Th same hing ith the experiments You ve got to have that platform We kept pinching electrical power and pi ching electrical power I think we proved that the fu cells can take FIQ~t,.~TIAl [PAGE 274] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad Cooper the load It shouldn I be any problem to fi a couple of things like that There no doubt about it those fuel cells can go up and down and up and down under load and they will ha.ck the course We sure gave them a beating Especially that Number fuel cell Can say enough about the fuel cells I just think they did real well I was extremely impressed at the end when we kept loading th em down We loaded th em down even more and the doggone thing began to come up rather than fail go down or poop completely out That thing stayed on sixty seventy hours of the whole flight hat a lot It must have be en sixty hours at least I think that the fuel cell really goes into a hybernation period when you cool it down I think it almost hibernates like a storage battery The way to bring it back to life is to lo ad it down to get it warmed up and then to purge it And I would have liked to super purge that Numbe cell a couple of times to see if I couldn't have brought it up higher Yes I think it prob a bly would have wo ked The [PAGE 275] I Conrad We didn't always agree with Mission Co trol One example-- would have oved to argue with them about the heater circuit on the OAM I was against turning it off Cooper On fuel cell do you want to go back tc OAMS We ve already gone by it Con ad Yes I a curious person by na ture an so is every body else that flies one of these spacecraft When you end up something you ought to tell th em why you doing it Especially when we get into these screwy conditions We didn ha ve any choice when hey sa id shut down the fuel ce ll but to shut down he fuel ce It wouldn't have cost them another wo words to ay wha they were trying do I think i was obvious to us what they were trying to do I tell you they made some ec isions down there on he ground hat I still sit back here and argue wi th them about Cooper Yes you are right on that OAMS heater Conr ad OAM he ater was one of them and another one is the manner in wh ich they onducted that solenoid warmup idea on the OAMS system to unfreeze i That was a po or way of doing it [PAGE 276] 265 EeJN FI OE r-qTIA That was a very poor plan Cooper Conrad That asn thought out very well I think in that particular case we had all the time in the orld to discuss that ith the ground We could have gone a couple of revs talking that one over and it wouldn have made a hill of beans Cooper I think the time that they chose to do it was ill planned Every test that they laid on us wound up to being a test in the middle of the night I don know why I sure this wasn't planned that way but that is the way it turned out Anything else on the fuel cells batteries or mission control Conrad No 13 F'li ht Plan Chang es Cooper Flight plan changes I think here is one thing that we want to say about mission control I well aware that the flight plan people were kept extreme ly busy having to do this tremendous amount of real time flight planning I think in general Flight lanning back there did a fine job I'm sure there were a lot of the people coming in and adding this and that and changing this and changing that There wasn't enough thought given to the crew The crew was extreme co,.u romised throughout the whole €0NFl91!1 1-1Ai [PAGE 277] 266 flight in the way the flight plan changes were made This was unintentional I'm sure Conrad We had to blow the whistle on it Cooper They did thi ngs like try ing to keep one an busy a the time just to eep him busy It was obvious that was exactly what was being planned Certain experiments were put on one man when th other man was asleep then the oth er man whe he wa asleep without any thought being given to who had what or which side of the cockpit Conrad I think that we documented this vell enough and I don think the crew emphasized it enough but the people on the ground don't realize how long it ak es to perform these othe mundane taf ks that aren't scheduled such as hygiene foo etc They did a ll ow lo ng time periods for focd but there were other things that they didn't allo the time for such as garbage cleaning etc Cooper That's ight General housekeeping and cleaning up the spacecraft Conrad I think we can straighten this out with th em Cooper I do to but we are talking here abo ut flight plan changes in mission controlling I don't ean this as critical as it sounds I want to say I think [PAGE 278] 13 Systems Cooper Ot~FIDE TIAl they did a fine job I think they made a good effort to salvage a ll we could ou of a poor situation I think they really did a fine job As a resul of what we found and we didn't know before we got into the real time situation we discovered that the people compromised are the flight crew They wound up cutting int sleep periods and certain functions were performed at the wrong time for each one of us It could have been better planned as for as who did what when Missio Cont ro for sys ms I think the biggest handle you have on systems is right on board and I still think so I think we had a good handle on what was going on Th things that presented a real question were the rate of decay the rate of dwindling some of these cyros etc The ground got a good handle on them and began to give us some good informa ion on what we could expect Although I think some of them were new enough that the ground wasn't aware of what was going to happen For example they didn't know when they would ve nt and when they wouldn't what the rate would be when they ven ted etc Of4£ 10E~~TIAL [PAGE 279] 26s EIDE~~TIAL 13 Experiment Real Time pdates oo per I think these worked out pretty well We mentioned about needing a platform before and abcut needing att itu de control And our OAMS system got worse and worse where we had no attitude con rol speak and weren't allowed to use any I think a great many of these things that were put in ust hoping we might drift through They were sort of wasted It was a waste of time They could ha.v-e saved our time theirs the writing time and everything involved because trying to get some of these exper i ments while in drifting flight i completely imp ossible Conrad It was really funny It couldn have been better planned to work out opposite They'd say get a lik the Milky Way--You expect to drift through the Milky Way long enougr to get it Anytime we had the gear fired up we nev-er got anywhere near the Milky Way Co oper No we would always be pointing at the ground Conrad Th ere wa one time when I tried to do it We were oint ed at the Milky Wa;y By the time I found out that we were going to drift through it and the en minute warm up time for the gear passed we were ct FfDE~~Th*lll I [PAGE 280] 269 Cooper COt FtDEt-ctflM out of it again I'd le ave the darn IR gear running for a while and we would never get near any hing we could look at We never did get th at end of the sun picture and yet th sun a in our yes every time you would turn around When hey would giv us som of these locations to photograph and gave us pointing inform a tion it was good When we had a platform to use I think their pointing information was extremely accura te I was we ll pl eased with it I thought it a right on he mon ey We never had a pl at form to work from so couldn evaluate th air-to-air The a ir-to ground was quite good And you need this COl>4FIDE ►~TIAE [PAGE 281] 270 TRAINING 14 Gemini Simula tor Procedures ooper The procedures that we went through in- it- and our raining was pretty accurat I think that we used the right procedures in the development of our checklist In oing through the procedures we should have tad our fl ig ht type checkli~;t at an earlier date in ord er to get a little bii ore famil i ar with them and to iron them out a little more in the GMS sh ould have had them or weeks earlier System knowledge--I didn feel we were oo bad of system knowledge wise did you Conrad No Cooper We were re tty well on top of everything We had a great dea of confidence in knowing the systems Th systems training that we got in the GMS on the fai ure analysis a lo ng with the lectures we got by he systems people both the GMS peopl and the McDonnell people put us in pretty good s·1ape sys em wise We were in excellent shape oncerning launch raining I might say th a i the is any changing to be done we should emphasi ze the nominal launch mo re We ran through al types of me rgencies We ad some good sessions on the DCPS We had some eot-~FIDE~~T1At [PAGE 282] 271 cre o~4ffDEMftA was ted time down here trying to crank up some of these launch failures that take quite a hi le to rese on the GMS We should have gone through them on the DCPS and let them go at that It was a waste of valuable time during the last few days an precious hours were wasted cranking the program into the GMS to go through some of the failure mo des that we could have done in a tenth of the time on the DCPS Due to the shortage of time we cut way back on nominal training We could have had ore no min al launches nominal insertions nomina ins er tion checklist nominal preretro and nom inal re ro tc Co nrad The best day we had was the day before the ac ual fl ight The day after we had scrubbed We ran about nominal launches Abo ut reentries a ll the way through to the end and that really put the fros ting on the cake Cooper Yes we should have had another day of ha before the first attempted launch As it turned out we got into reas onable shape because of that one scrub date We really put it to good use Conrad We got a chance to go over the books some mo re and [PAGE 283] 272 le arn things that really helped Cooper We were sho rt on nominal time Conr ad I can say enough for the ay De ke schEiduled the things wh en he asked for wo wee ks He wa right on th button We could have used a co ple mo re da Cooper Yes Conrad A little ore nom i nal training like that to polish it off If we had I don't think Go rdo wou have put the drogue out at 70 And I don hink I would have left all the Squibb batt er ies off We shouldn make those kind of mistakes Coo per We would hav had mo re time to run through th nominal pr cedures and get them down Con.rad We re the first ones to admit that we maie th em because we just di dn't have the ligh checklist I finished all the time We didn't run hat th ing that many times Cooper We ran very littl rb it a tr a ining oth e:r th an the REP I think we sp ent a gre at deal of t'ime on the re ndezvous and the REP because it was the first prio rity Co nrad One thing that slippe by us to was that it to ok COt-c!FIDEt TIM [PAGE 284] 27 us a whole day and a half in flight to realized that these experiments were going to run so success iv ly close one another The one thing that we were not prepared for on the ground and had to learn in the air was how to organize a series of di fferent experiments to run them in a row I not sure we cou have figured this out on the ground Cooper One thing we could have done if we had had the time we could have taken one of these Stateside passes that we knew would really be cluttered and run through it in real time Conrad I think the recommendation here is what should be done in the future for a flight that had experiments like this one I run a sim-net sim with Houston We had individually er ected and taken down and put up every experiment enough times that we had no problem in assembling anything We had no problem in knowing where everything was we kn ew where everything was in the spacecraft and we got it in the shortest amount of time as possible even in the light We didn have any trouble in that way The one thing that we did miss was and they have a sim net sim of 90NFtoENll [PAGE 285] 274 eoM EIDEt TIA revs 15 and 16 It might have been a good ide a if we ha.d listened to it in th at we might have picked up the fact that the sequential -unning required just a little bit different opnration Again I'm not sure that you can practice this on the ground because at the times we ha.d the gear out we wouldn't have een able to load any spacecraft on the ground the way we wound up using it in zero I had lenses floating on the floor and film magazines hanging by just a couple of little velcJ:o hreads on the overhead which you couldn't have done in a horizontal environment You couldn't stow your gear around the cockpit like you can during zero Maybe you might compromise here You ght consider a sim net sim to get some idea of how things are going to run into one another and then if you re up for days or something like that yc might take an orbit to lay out a series so y01 can learn how to stick stuff around the spacecraf It not appare nt to you on the ground exactJy how you wind up storing that stuff We real ly ca.me up with some new places to stash gear as the re~ult of being in zero [PAGE 286] 275 Cooper Conrad Coo per Conrad FCSD REP ooper Yes that's right Okay rendezvous is not applicab le If there was one area that we were pretty well trained on hat was retrof i re Yes I think we were in good shape for retrofire We had our checklist for a lo ng time for pre -re rofire and retrofire We were in good shape well-trained and we went right through it like clockwork I think this area we were sitt ing i ght on top ot No problem at a ll We were in good shape in SECO too We went through those SECO procedures in dandy shape Got the numbers out of he computer and had all of the se~uences and so for th and got that well down in the GMS On rendezvo how do you feel abou the GMS training The procedures that we learned in th si mulato were fine but you just can't take away that out-the window simulation When you add the out the-window element to it it's di fferent It easier when you kick the REP out a.hd there it is out here visually you can do it fine The training that we had up at McDonnell on that simula or was just identical to flight Didn't you feel like we were OMi lOEMlt [PAGE 287] 276 Conrad almost in the McDonnell simulator when we got the REP out Just exactly That training that we did up there with the visual presentation was invaluable A lot of people don't realize how time critical that whole REP maneuver was We didn't realize it ven when we ran it a McDonnell When we ran at McDonnell we had a visual di splay and no outside encumberances and no other systems We had a computer Gordo had a ball and an out-the-window di pl ay a reticle and a hand controlle I had a computer and an MDIU over there and iat was it And we would it there shoot the breez talk to the guys out the window and run that tb i ng I don think we became aware of how cri i cal it was until we came down to the Cape and got that first sim -ne -sim Then we had the gro un honking on the horn They wanted information We had a spacec raf around us in the GMS and theiy could throw in little cliches every once in a while which hey did It turned out th a we e~t little cliches in flight starting out The one thing that we spent an awful lot of hours on was the REP [PAGE 288] 277 I'll tell you I wouldn have given you a nickels chance if we didn ha ve up systems We would have had to fallen back on one of those backup jobber doos hat would have been pure luck Eut I wouldn't have mad a mistake reading it You are just reading the checklist They were extremely complicated and long-winded Now I guess they simplified this a lot in Spacecraft we were up against the wal We had to stop somewhere take it and work with it or we weren't going to get it done They were still in the process or ironing out the procedures We did more of an ev a luation although it was a learning process but we were involved in the ev a luat i on stage which was not the time for us to be doing this [PAGE 289] 278 Co nrad Let me just add one thing My recommendation is th a you are going to have to be extr em ly careful with the mi ssi on planning pe opl ecau rn I saw what happened to us Ev ery ight is going to have a ifferent rendezvous Somebody is goi ng to want to start ch anging om ething or mickey•-mousing around I think it is going to wind to be a crew responsibility and that a cou ple of mo ths before the light they really put the axe to them to stop vlh ether it is the best way to do it or not the more you do in rendezv ous the more complicated it is and the more time critical it is doing the maneuvers he computer is a complex little gadget and can really oul you up if you make ne mistake training wise I can emphasize running the mis3ion the way it is really going to run in real time We haven't enough time to reall get it down Coo per Cut i off at an ear ly date you ca1 a dequately rain on i I can't conceive that you could ever et th off-sets that we were using in some of our etr of ire training Plus I don th~1k we are using th right torquing moments on our Rate Comm and sy stem The trainer do esn have anyw.~ere near the rute power that the actual RCS Rate CJmm and as [PAGE 290] 279 It is a great deal of difference Conrad Yes it was a pretty tight system This is probab ly a function of each individual sys em because I remember Jim mentioning the fact that it was so much sloppier in Rate Comm and RCS and th ere is a differ ence in the tolerance But it sure wasn't apparent to us Both the OAMS and RCS Rate Comm and systems were just as tight as they could be Cooper Well the OAMS Rate Comm and system definitely was tighter because you could come zapp ing ar ound with it and the second you let go of the handle it stopped right there Barn it never ven quivered just held right there Conrad Yes we must have had an outstanding set of rate gyros Th RCS Rate Comm and there had a wider band There was so much power and authority in the RCS Rate Comm and that it a ctually gave me a little bit of problem just hitting the point getting lined up on it for retr of ire The re was just so much authority you had trouble getting just small amounts of control forc until you got used to it Th ere was so much power there almost more power than you needed for fine cont ol It ould be interesting to simulate [PAGE 291] 280 sim ilar cont ol to rques on the GMS to Eee wha kind of of sets it ould take before cont ol problems are en count ered I don be lj eve that you ould actually set ne of the rockei ts ff enough to both er you Po ssib ly you could sinc it is not a straightline funct i on Coop er had had adequate amount of reentry rai ning If we had a thousand hours more we oul not have do ne anything diff erent ly than we did Co nrad Th reen ry in th simul a to and th roentry in flight up to a point went right down the lin I would say to slightly after gu id ance initiate Then th ball angles were trem ly st eep in flight in comp aris on to the h·ainer I would very much like to go back and ta«e a look at this on the ra iner while it is fr es in my mind I always us the horizon for roll reference in addi tion to th oll bug Th horizon di sappeared too soon on ur reentry were looking at all hite on the ball there for a lon ime Coop er pitched on up re tty good Con rad es we trimm ed out at an awful high angle The st agna tion point on the spac ec raf inc icated we were [PAGE 292] 281 in the ball park with the previous spacecraft Cooper It had to be traveling right because as long as you keep your rates zeroed it is going to trim to its proper trim point I agree with you completely It seemed to me as though we trimmed a lot nos higher much earlier in the reentry than we did in the simulator You hav less nose up above the horizon for a longer period of time in the simulator than you do in the actual case Conrad That was the only thing that seemed different about the reentry Cooper It didn't concern me because I knew we ere damped and trimed out okay Conrad Yes I knew we were in good shape but it was a sig nificant enough difference so as to be a glaring dif ference with the i mulator Cooper I don't know whether it actually was the case or not but the reentry seemed to go much faster than it did on the simulator Conrad From Guidance Initiate to 100 000 feet it seemed to pass at considerable less a.mount of time than it does in the simulator Cooper Yes it sure seemed to me like it did That is some thing I think we ought to have people check into to [PAGE 293] 282 see what the actual time difference ws Maybe it was just us Co nrad They can ring that out real easy can improve the reentry on the simulator a little bit it's different in this respect Cooper kay Crew Station I have the same C)mment that I ade after Mercury on that I think t::lat it is just oo bad that we can have horizontal 3imulators be cause that is exactly the way you are in orbit You are not laying on your back you are a horizontal configu ration If your simulator ran horizontal you would be standing just like you would be in orbit rientation is entirely different Co nrad I compliment the Gemini crew station on the layout of he para.meters that are displayed to you I feel that th ere are some other para.meters that I would like to have seen displayed in the spacecraft th roughout the fl ight As an example I ha te to rely on the ground for radiator temperatures or ave them call me to heat up a cooling loop That type of thing is an onboard function It is very nice that the ground monitors and takes care of you The spacecraft was extremely well layed ut and as we thought in the simulator it turned out to be true in flight [PAGE 294] Ftf!JEMT 283 Coo per I thi nk the simulator people down ere did a great job getting th simulator up to ou spa cec raft configuration Co nrad Yes Co oper Wh en we came down ere it was pretty close to ux flight configuration Co nrad es Coop er Stowage wise they had i in pre tty good shape Con rad With parti cul ar reference with Ap ol aving rked for years in the Apo ll cockpi ts and hav ing now flown a Gemini and knowing that th ese wo cockpi have een lay ed out as ar as I'm concerned wi th two different hilo soph ies and I think th is the rig ht ne [PAGE 295] 14 LTV and DCPS Coop er Co nrad Coo per Conrad Co oper Co nrad I can't really say how accura ey uere because we ad a nominal missi I think that they were good train ing I think a certain amo un of that is very good ve ry essential I think there again we ha ve to be ery careful not to ov er em phasize it I don believe we did in ur case think we had just ab out th right amount a lthou gh I thin th ere was a number of people who were concerned th at we co uld hav used maybe more DCPS I'll say one thing ab ut th DCPS hor izon I thought that that or ked out just almost the way it actually happened es sir I do to I would ike to- Bo that ho riz on cam in the window just about the same i me you saw I think that DCPS should really be utilized to ad van tage as far as this out-the window reference Just rank it just a itt le beyond and do a lit tle bit of work as far as ut the -wi ndow referencing and I think it wi ll be an extreme help I wo nder i we might not be able to do some help on pla tforrn aligning and this rt of 3tuff I wo ul li ke to go back again and lo ok at the DCPS et Fte ENTl,t(w [PAGE 296] Cooper Conrad Cooper Co nrad 285 from now having seen an alined platform I really was quite surp ised at what 0-0-0 looked like It wasn I anything like what I imagined it was going i to ook ike I think we were both surprised when we got up there and got the platform alined and really lo oked at 0-0-0 that it looked the way it did And you are also banked Yes You are banked right and I'm banked left es 14 MAC Engineering Simulator Cooper Okay The MAC Engineering Simulator Conrad I can't say enough for that ha lf a day we spent on la unches reading out Math Flow on the computer Co oper That's right And the reentries Co nrad That the most worthwhile half a day I spent as far as my side of the spacecraft went Cooper The reentries I thought we did at MAC Engineering Simulator were just exactly like the reentry we did I think it was real good I think of course the rendezvous we did up there we tave al ready mentioned I thought were probably one of the best things we did [PAGE 297] 286 14 Centrifuge Conrad didn miss the centrifuge at al he fact that we didn't go I didn feel that I wae left out of anything Cooper No I don't think we missed a thing i th the centri fuge Conrad I think you should ride it you know a time or two or something like that Cooper I think if nobody has ever ridden cen·;rifuge- Conrad boost profile or reentry profile worth running a coupl of nominals in your shirt eeves I don't think you need instruments or anything but- Cooper I think if no one has ever ridden one before I think it is worthwhile they ride the centri uge just to get the fee of what it is like But so far as- you never even feel those g's You don't even know you'.ve got g's You are so busy doing thing and you re just click y-cl i ckty-c ick You don notice them at a ll An that evel of is not en ough to even worry about 14 Translation and Docking rainer Conrad The tracking tests that we did on the Agena you know for the camera was real good I diQ1 do the one up in Denver but the one in the A gena was real good up to and of course we wou onl get up as far as @@++FtDE~+.11 [PAGE 298] Cooper Conrad Cooper Conrad 287 the nadir but I think it wa.s helpfu and I think ight proved the same thing that we concluded in this that it wa.s a very simpl task once you ha.d acquired something the track Once you ha.d acquired something yes The one thing that I to this day gave me the funniest sensations though is when you track through the nadir and the things started to speed up and reverse I get the weirdest sensation that we passed the nadir and got a.bout 30° going behind us I almost had myself reversed in flight like I wa.s coming up on it again Now I can explain the feeling but it was weird It's a rea odd optica i ll usion where you a.re li ke you are in an inverted spin-type situation You a.re lo oking--going back over here and the angle out is changing such that you al most do have the feeling that it's that you have sud enly tarted changing your whole angle And if you're loo king a.t the nadir and you're track ing through in just one axis pitch or something like that invariably you're off a itt bit in yaw you see and you ll get going all of a sudden it wi ll start speeding up and if there is any roll in there a.t a.11 a ll of a sudden the roll will ick up [PAGE 299] 288 I Cooper 14.6 Planetarium Cooper Con rad Cooper onrad Coo per so a ll of a sudden this target which has been going this way and getiing a little bit sm a lle al of a sudden th wh le world will start roll on you too as you are cin away ad the feel ing tha I was falling over a cliff every tim we got back to the end of that thing It was pretty weird ell here again I just can't emphasize enough I hink that a lot of people under play th va ue of th planetarium I think Pete even agrees with me now that boy that doggone planetariUIIJ is pretty ssentia training Yes i felt pretty good The planetarium unf rtunate ly is an it em in your raining pr ogram that is ery easy to cut out You say well I don't really know that I can take along a star chart and I can rec gnize these and we all end do that all tend to try and fall into hat I tell you we oul never have gotten ye Zo diacal light done with out having gone up there at th and taken his disp ay on it Oh yes If we hadn't go ne up there a a ctu ally go ne through it we would never had don it ONFt&li 44 ttl [PAGE 300] 289 Con rad And with the gun site superimposed excuse me reticle superimposed on it Put it right there to orient it with the Southern Cross and Grus and Fomalhaut we would have never gotten that experi ent done without having gone through that really that ha lf a day did it for that experiment Cooper Yes That salvaged the experiment Of cou rse he will probably ruin the film anyway Th eles ti al identification up there I think one thing that I recommend that we are going to have to crank up the brightness of the stars because we ha ve had them cranked down to the Mercury level here all this time and it's just too confusing when you get up there you see so many more stars than you did in Mercury I so we are going to have to raise the level brightness level of it back up Up for the tr aining that we do because there were multitud es more stars than we had been trainL~g on Conrad The stars move around in orbit too fast to use them for spacecraft orientation as far as I was concerned In other words I might recognize a const ellati on out there Th Southern Cross or Orion or something like th a but unless you know your exa ct point of time and have a star chart sitting front of you [PAGE 301] 290 and even with a star chart sitting in front of you it wouldn't he lp you with spacecraft orientation I take it th a wha you are saying Do I know what I am in roll pitch and yaw to the horizon or something like that I don't think so because most of that stuff is moving too fast up there Coop er Well so far as it's yaw orientation gives you relatively good angle For instance you always know if you swing around just one li t·;le You remember when we would swing around a nd there was Cassiopeia you knew that you were hended generally north Conrad Well yes that true You knew that you were on one side of the tr a ck or the other Cooper Pleides and the whenever you would see the Pleides it always points east so thnt gives you a clu and ther are several pretty good clues and I always lmow when I see Delphinus that the Summ er Triangle is near by Conrad You're right it would tell me where was pointed but it uldn't have told me anything in roll In othe words I wouldn I say that I would use it completely for a three axis spacecraft orien tati on It might give me an idea of which way the sky was [PAGE 302] 291 -IM Cooper Conrad Co oper Conrad Cooper pointing but that wouldn't tell me whether I was upside down or right side up or anything but I don't know the stars that well With the accurate star chart updat ed and then finding the stars on there then you could use them for spacecraft rientation I'm taking this to mean you are talking about a quick orientation you know I aborted in th middle of the night on launch if I went on a night launch would I know which way I was going I don't think so I don't know You would be very lucky you would just have to see one you could recognize You can take your time wh en you ar planning in advance Okay Now you want to use Orion to line up in a certain way with my reticle Now that's a different story but tha would ha ve to be done at a specific tim because Orion moves all the way through the sky and it turns over on a 72 degree launch azimuth ell tra king task We didn cover that but I think it is pr etty obvious that you can use it for tracking task we found [PAGE 303] 292 @OfictFtDEf~TIA Co nrad Oh yes Coop er Spacecraft rien tation I agree you eed a li tt le he lp on th at It would be a help find a horizon but you coul get pi tc and yaw on it md then aybe use the stars as a yaw rienta i 14 ys ems rie fin Con rad We ll boy I can say en ough for th t;rpe we got at cDonnell ere relatively different in nature and th type got down ere but I can ay en ough for both of them because they are both esse nt ial I'll ell you ol Bob nyder's one remark ab out that cryo stuf being ab to go through that hea exch anger as a liq_uid and not both er anything ou ld I I just can say en ough fo how that took the lo ad off of our minds whe we were up th ere Co oper es I think the Co nrad A lot of litt le tidbi ts th at we had out of these sp ec ifi ca lly the gu:ys here a the a.Pe Coo per I ould sar tha the co ntent that we hE\d at th sy ems briefing was excellent I would say the number we had ch ed ul ed I would consic er th absolute inimum I hink that you sh ould have at an ear ly date some very thorough,extensive syste ms briefing at a lat er date clo ser to the fl ight ome Pllit8E~~lhhlt and the [PAGE 304] 293 14 Fli ght Ex periments Conrad Cooper Co nrad Cooper additional maybe shorter brush-ups on it I think the people who have done the McDonn ll people and some of our own people and some of the McDonnell people and up at McDonn ll is the ay to do it I think I want the people to really mow the systems to use the systems briefing I don't think they can be over emphasized they're really necessary Simulations Well we can rule out Denver because we didn't go there and MAC I ll nev er consider ever flying a flight without a horizontal seater on all the gear Wait a minute now we are in flight experiments This is training We got simulati on GMS Translation and Docking and at Denver This is all backwards because we didn't go to Denver Oh kay simulation Well ok ay GMS on flight experiments we really didn't do an awful lot of flight experiments in the GMS No the only thing we used the GMS or down here was a final stowage revue when we ot all changed ar ou nd We used it for th REP of course A brush through on the REP Conrad We never rigged I take it back we did rig We [PAGE 305] 294 went so far as working out the REP that the camera wanted to pull it out at real ime but we never put it in the window riggecl a 16 mm es we did use the GMS for all the things that were concerned with the REP which had to do with many stowed items experiment items Coop er Okay Translation and docking raine Let me just say this as far as the simula tions on flight experiments I really think you an use a mock up to greater advantage and most experimnnts than you can th GMS Conr ad Ye I think you are right Cooper I think you are tyi up the GMS in mn ny cases over things that you don need to tie it up for Translation and docking trainer I would like to have had maybe a little more time in it al though I think we got 99 per cent of what we needed get Conrad Yes the afternoon I spent in it was worthwhil running the camera eq_uipment tak ng some pictures and tracking them All put ogerther the GMS and the tracking thing and thn horizonta SEDR up at MAC ended up to good familiarity with the experiments equipment 14.9 Spacecraft System Tests Cooper Okay and at MAC we didn rea lly run as you say @el>,,FID Jl\t [PAGE 306] 295 he horizon ta SEDR was around the spacecraft was rea lly the only fligh experi ents thing that we did on it up the re Let's see flight experiments Briefings Well I think some of the experiments some were better than oth ers So me were lousy and generally the ones that got th ere in ol itically where the lou siest or th ey didn I bother to sh ow up I think this is om thing that hould be ery carefully controlled by the experimen ts bo ard If the experiment is going to be chos en the pe opl who are the experiment ers should be forced to come in and give you a good briefing on th ese ev erything ahllt them or oth er wise th ey ug ht to be th wn ff Equi pmen now this is along the same line I think that you need desperately to obs erve freeze dates for th perati on and availability of the experiments Equipm en for th experiments if it isn't availa ble i ought to be thro wn ff th flight I think that om ebody omew here a lo ng the line ought to back this aybe it has to go the LBJ level or om thing I don know Sp acecraft systems st I personaliy am not very impressed with th multi pl [PAGE 307] 296 Conrad Cooper 14.10 Egress raining parallel testing I don feel that the crew really gets an awful lot out of out of the spacecraft systems tests anymore because there are so many tests going on at the same time th at you can't really keep a handle on what's going o:n and really get much of a feel for what's going on You evolve an automated type thing of calling three scripts at the same time and throwing switches and listening quite a complex thing going on I think that a few of the systems tests that still go on such as the ECS test and the altitude chamber type thing are still well worthwhile but I think tha the parallel method of testing has decreased the va ue of the spacecraft systems test to the crew by great extent There's no doubt about it though in l>eing present you keep them honest on many occasions ell that right On the -it is good in that re spect but as far as the training point of view it does give you some certain familiarity with the sys tems too but I was just pointing out i:hat it was decreased over what it used to be I really thought our egress training wa well wort while [PAGE 308] 297 Con rad Boy I do too Cooper I think that was a good exercise- Conrad It was we rganized- Cooper I thought it was well organized and we ll run and just very well done and I felt lik it gave us a great co nfidence in the water situation Conrad I felt rea good when we hit the water Cooper Yes I don't think there was a qualm in our mind at al when we hit the water that we were right on top of the situation--just no probl em In fact I didn't even bother listening for eak Conrad Yes 14 11 Parachute Trainin Cooper Parachute training As far as I'm concerned I think if you've had any--I don feel that I missed parachute training at all I personally think tha one you could just delete I think sometime some where al ong when people co me in to th program they need parachute famil iarity and parachute tr ain ing Of course I of the banned school and I believe very strong that we should have a ctual parachute jump training Conrad I do too Coop er If people think this is too dangerous for this [PAGE 309] 298 unhazardous occupation 14 12 Launch Simulat i on Cooper Launch simulation I thought they were very worth while and I think launch sims that we ave with the who with MC tied in are extremely worthwhile 13 Network Simul at i on Cooper I think net sims are worthwhi 14 14 Reentry Simulat ions Cooper I think the reentry sims we had were 1valuable In fact I would sort of iked to have had a few more reentry sims Conrad es 14 15 Simul ated Network Simul ations Cooper Sims net sims I thought were- Conrad They were invaluable on the REP Cooper hey were good for the REP Conrad I think we got something out of the au nch sims too a though that exercise is more fo on the ground Cooper Yes the launch sims had diminishing r1~turns i took us a ong time to cover the grouncl that we shoul have covered Conrad I think it stayed with the crew and wao worthwhile ust to get you pl ugged in to the neg ngain and get to hear some of the thing'f you re going to actually Ptf;)tNTfrA.L [PAGE 310] 299 hear over the net the reentry sims are more im portant because it~s a more coordinated effor between you and the ground and I'm convinced that for any rendezvous situations that some net sims have to be--be run 14 16 ero Fli ghts Cooper Yes we ll okay zero flights I not rea ly sure just what value you get out of zero ights Conr ad We I earned one thing it was the only oppor tunity that I had before the flight to get- ven though it was a bunny suit at the time a pressure suit up there in zero and get some idea- opening and cl osing it which we did many times in th flight and so forth And I think we both learned a little something there I would say now I've done zero in the airplanes and I ve done it in the spacecraft and if I again I certainly don't need to go back and do any zero work again Cooper I rea ll Conrad As far as Gemini is concerned Cooper I real didn't- FCSD Rep onrad Oh Oh well that a different story yes We we did do EVA's but if I was going to do something PltFt018'fTl!A [PAGE 311] 300 EVA again yes,- Cooper Yes I think th is zero airplane plane is we ll worthwhile for a specific mission especia ll mis sion training But so far as just in general I don be ieve it's particularly worthwhile Well it is worthwhile li ke Pete said that if a man hasn't ever made a ight before a~d never ex perienced zero certain good to f~niliarize him Conrad Yes I agree with you on EVA 4.17 Flight Plan Training Cooper kay ight plan training We ll we ever did really have much time to do any real f1i ght plan raining other than- Conrad Ye the onl thing that we were in vol ed in rea ll wa the REP and how it was going to go We et erry Jones ay out the rest of it without us rea ll putting much effort into it There rnally wasn a heck of a ot we coul do along that line Cooper And I think for long missions this rea -time thing is going to go is going to have to go on many changes to be made so I not sure that the over all mission needs training I think maybe you might just run spot portions of it on the time-critical of course- [PAGE 312] 301 Con rad FCSD Rep Conrad I What do you mean by operationa check you were talking about system checks in flight Yes flight plan training Operation checks Thruster il umination Well I don't have much feel for that one way or anoth er other than what I said earlier this morning-- yes I think I don't know why it's as plain as the nose on my face but I thi nk we eaped off the wrong assumption--that everything was going to run right without check i ng and I think that we shou flight pl an up the first orbit now with more checks in it Th at was a very poor assumption on this part the more I even think ab out it because it was a perfectly li ke situation to have some part of those three systems to be not working right and it would have been a simpl matter to have gone to the secondary scanners and el imina ting the problem at the very beginning that we had but we we ren't smart enough to know that are now [PAGE 313] 302 15 Crew Quarters Co per 15 CONCLUDING REMARKS One comment on the crew area here I think that the crew area here is a rea good place to stay and that the kitchen facility we have set up i very worth while when a real tight schedule is almost a neces i ty However the bedrooms are not oundproof at all You can hear anything throughout the whole thing Any noise at all that goes on or a tele vision or radio playing anywhere thr01:.ghout the whole thing is very easily heard throughout the ent i re buil ing I say this only because this was ne of he suggestions that we had before he place was ever build that the bedrooms be soundpro fed This was based on our old Hangar experiences Due to the fact that heavy construction is going on all the time this place is completely useless so far as daytime sleep i ng There is no possibility of sleep aroun here during the day due to the jackhammers and construction work goi ng on So if any shift work is going on I recommend that someone keep them a motel room and sleep during the day at the motel ro om if you are worki ng night shifts around here an [PAGE 314] 303 trying sleep dur i ng the day and run any kind of nigh te So far as the people that we had with us that run the pl ace I thin the place is very adequa tely run I think one person he who certainly eserves bouquets is the ai Joyce who just can do enough for keeping all the laund done She keeps the pl~ce I think very ery satisfactorily clean and squared aw ay Pete do you have anyi;hing to add Conrad Well I didn hear all of wh at you said but I really hou ght the crew quarters were a great sa ve or us I agree with all the th i ngs about the noises and everything with all the construction going on now I in of hard I do th i nk that there is one thing that I goi ng to have to go on record as saying we missed in our training and there no doubt about about it were so pressed that we didn have enough time or adequate physical training 15 Phy sical Trainin and Aircraft Fl yi ng Coo pe There were wo things we had inad equate physical training arid I think we were somewhat short on air plane fligh time I would hav like to have had a ew more days to be able when we were do,m here on our last pe riod of time to got out and just fl MMU.L [PAGE 315] 304 Conrad Co pe Co nr ad Co op er 15 Sea Lab FCSD ep onrad ooper onrad Cooper loca I flew ocal once the whole time I was down here Yes I don think I lew local at al No that right And I th i nk he aga i we were caught in the midd le of a bad sche du li ng situat i on which higher level wou not allow us to do anythin about But I think we di the best we could with he short amount of time we had I personal el that we we extremely short on recreational time ru1 on fl ying time We were pretty hard pushed there and on physi al conditioning time id you a ll ev er ge to ta to Sc tt Ja rpenter es es he ast day the sec ond rbit before were at etro es just before retro 15.4 Watches and Cl ocks FCSD Red Do you want to say anyth i ng about watc es and clocks onrad I think Gordo mentioned his Acutron stayed within seconds during the wh le fl ight and we only set it twice [PAGE 316] 305 Cooper FC SD Rep Cooper onrad My clock you talking about It was the one My own personal Acutron I never reset and it wa some 15 seconds off at the end of the flight for the whole 8-day period Th Acutron on the panel the panel mounted Acutron was I changed it about se conds It ran seconds ast he ent ir fli ght The Omega that I wore was some minutes off the first day and the second day was another minute and some odd of at wh i ch time I ju quit winding it I quit winding it about the third day and never even bothered using it again The stop watch that I was--that I took along at the end of the third day was still only about to seconds off It actually was quite good and I just didn have occasion to use one and le i run on down And then I cranked it up for reentry and started two minutes after retrofire Your clock over there ran reasonably a ccur a te your little day clock over there id i Eigh day clock ran real wel I kept it on MT the two big wrist watches I carried I carried mainly for the REP maneuver and didn't use them too much I did use them to count down to retrofire and my Glycene E~TIAc bs [PAGE 317] 306 watch here I kept on G.m 15.5 Miscellaneous Discre ancies Cooper FCSD Rep Cooper OK I have a little list of discrepanc es -ti that I might just include here These ar iscrepancies that I noted during the flight and somn of them have been noted bef ore but I might juHt hit them real briefly Just to make sure we ha ve all of them We lost the stage IPS fue gage shortly after launch We enco untered this POGO effect at minutes and seconds We lost communications near SECO on UHF No many of these have already been explai ed why but I just 11 get th ese down We lC>st fuel cell tank heaters he experimer pooped out and also I thought it was objectionably noisy The gray interior paint flecks ff of the guard bars and off several areas of the cock pit areas and floats and flecks around on the inside The la tform mode was no good for he burm and was not holding th spacecraft as it should Let me ask one question Did you ever try that platform control mode on the RCS syste No I didn't Sur didn't I ish I a I just I guess I had just given it up at that point and just didn I get around to it I should have Th [PAGE 318] Conrad platform mode should work very well There's no reason why it shouldn't work very well and I just can't help but believe it was probably in the OAMS system I would strongly recommend unsnapable legs on a harness like a regular aircraft parachute harness with adjustable buckle-snap combination things rather than the custom made harness that we have I think they would be much more usuable for flight he cabin temperature gage failed came back in the fifth day for one day and then went back out again 10 We did not use the polaroid window covers for launch so we don't know how they will evaluate holding on for launch However they worked out extreme~y well for flight 11 Rest cycles are not observed Too many little things keep getting thrown in that require two people 12 he PC0 gage was very irratic It kept coming up and indicating PC0 up around mm and it did that for a while and then ba ck down And 13 ape recorder quit some time during the fifth day hat's about it We had a couple here et see di get the thing about cabin lights getting hot And melting paint Cooper he -l~iugh hey will burn your [PAGE 319] 308 hands and in particular th bright overh ad one is very hot Co nrad One other let see we talked about the purge switches being position ed rath er than sp ring oaded And one other thing we noticed one systems litch hich ee med to af fect either scanner- out over the acific a couple of times we passed some really really really big areas of cload cover I mean we were almost the whole visible sky or ground was covered with clouds or a good portion of it and this seemed to give the scanners fits Cooper These same cloud.a were that big cloud at had all the lightning in it too later on we- Conrad Well it may have been I didn make n.ny corr la tion that way but I in the daytime I notic ed that the scanners had quite a hard time doiner thei job when they were looking at much horizon overed by clouds Got very irratic I think tha a known phenomena ith scanners anyhow but I just wanted to mention that they did kind of kick up whe there were a lot of clouds a.round We talked about the right auxiliary light bulb bug thing breaking off And I have one question There was one place in the orld here we ased at a great deal of rCOW:t EblTlit [PAGE 320] Cooper FCS Re Conrad FCSD Rep Conrad Cooper Conrad 309 gigantic fires on the ground and just out of curiosity I want to know where we were and it happened on the sixth day at 01 hours 02 minutes and 15 seconds so maybe we'll be able to find out where we were That's all I got Gordo how about you anything more No Oh I got- Pete you mentioned you blew that oxygen- Blew the OAMS squib could not hear it blow Had no way of telling that it really worked You can pulse a regulator up and I did and it works just like it does in the trainer It gives it a blip you know and you got to keep blipping it up And I built it up to about 325 from about 300 just to see if it would do it and it did So the system worked OK But I still don know that the squib was blown you know you pulse anyhow Well other than looking Yeah Well I thought the squib was in the adapter No way of telling I don't think I they are lucky they might have laughter Well they found a booster- they might find the adapter [PAGE 321] 310 8Nf tDE Tt~H 15.6 Medical Aspects Cooper I agree completely that the crew area iere should be i solated from the medics I don fee that the me dical department should have anythini whatsoever to do with crew quarters otherwise I th i nk the crew should ust go right ahead and live up to flight day in a motel or somewhere else because I have a very strong feeling hat the medical deparu~ent is trying to mak a clinic out of this place up here I think the crew area should be held completely devoid of medics I don't think they should have anything to do ith the running of the crew quarters I think the crew should establish its own procedurns of whether th y're going to have low residue dietB or whether they're not going to have low residue iets based upon recommendations from previous crews fJ~om previous flight experiences along the way and hat everyone who has worked with it has passed on We hope we can get all this information gathered up ir a form that each crew coming along can be given a ondensation perhaps of a ll the previous crew comments on things of this type such as diets methods of defecation and urination [PAGE 322] 311 I0E~~TIAL urination systems drinking water systems and pre flight set up type things As far as the medical I'd like to hit that specifically [PAGE 323] 312 We 1a.ndeij on ree.Trier at mid- morning carrier time and we acconplished not one bit of debriefing or operational work throughout that day at all We went to bed that night without ever having done one bit of our own de1irief i ng of any kind whatsoever The entire day was npent with the medical community I don't know that we lost anything there particularly but I st ll th i nk there are a lo of things you could sit down and start aping that would be a lot fresher i ir our mind Although I think with two people on the flight you tend to jog one anoth er enough that yon don forget about things you might when one person has been on a flight ow so far a.s +,ne pr flight nedical aspects I still have some very strenous object ons to it and comments to make I think that da physical givi ng hit xtensiv a physical at tha period of time i ki nd of ridicu lo us I think you really drag a guy throught the hoops there just clays before his flight and completely grind him down on a very very extensive physical that I don agree with the medics as being necessary And I don agree with all the blood letting that was involved in thin I think tha al he number of i njections and sticko and reinser tions of isotopic bl ood and everything was completely taiFtDE ►,Tt [PAGE 324] 313 unnecessary and again was just a a tter of search rather than anything else [PAGE 325]